Production, transmission and use of electrical energy (presentation). Production, transmission and consumption of electrical energy
BOU Chuvash Republic SPO "ASHT" Ministry of Education of Chuvashia
METHODOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
open lesson in the discipline "Physics"
Topic: Production, transmission and consumption electrical energy
highest qualification category
Alatyr, 2012
REVIEWED
at a meeting of the methodological commission
humanities and natural sciences
disciplines
Protocol No. __ dated “___” ______ 2012
Chairman_____________________
Reviewer: Ermakova N.E., teacher of the Chechen State Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education “ASHT”, Chairman of the PCC of Humanities and Natural Sciences
Today, energy remains the main component of human life. It makes it possible to create various materials and is one of the main factors in the development of new technologies. Simply put, without mastering various types energy, a person is not able to fully exist. It is difficult to imagine the existence of modern civilization without electricity. If the light in our apartment goes out for even a few minutes, then we already experience numerous inconveniences. What happens if there is a power outage for several hours? Electric current is the main source of electricity. This is why it is so important to understand the physics of receiving, transmitting, and using alternating electric current.
Explanatory note
Contents of the main part
Bibliography
Applications.
Explanatory note
Goals:
- introduce students to the physical foundations of production, transmission and
use of electrical energy
To contribute to the formation of information and communication skills in students
competencies
Deepen knowledge about the development of the electric power industry and related environmental issues
problems, fostering a sense of responsibility for preserving the environment
Justification for the chosen topic:
It is impossible to imagine our life without electrical energy today. Electric power has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry and agriculture, science and space. Our life is unthinkable without electricity. Electricity has been and remains the main component of human life. What will the energy sector of the 21st century be like? To answer this question, you need to know the main methods of generating electricity, study the problems and prospects modern production electricity not only in Russia, but also in the territory of Chuvashia and Alatyr. This lesson allows students to develop the ability to process information and apply theoretical knowledge in practice, develop skills independent work with various sources of information. This lesson reveals the possibilities of developing information and communication competencies
Lesson plan
in the discipline "Physics"
Date: 04/16/2012
Group: 11 TV
Goals:
- educational: - introduce students to the physical foundations of production,
transmission and use of electrical energy
To contribute to the formation of information and
communicative competence
Deepen knowledge about the development of the electric power industry and related
these environmental problems, fostering a sense of responsibility
for preserving the environment
- developing:: - develop skills to process information and apply
knowledge of theory in practice;
Develop skills of independent work with various
sources of information
Develop cognitive interest in the subject.
- educational:
- to foster cognitive activity of students;
Develop the ability to listen and be heard;
To foster students’ independence in acquiring new
knowledge
- develop communication skills when working in groups
Task: formation of key competencies in the study of production, transmission and use of electrical energy
Type of activity- lesson
Type of activity- combined lesson
Learning Tools: textbooks, reference books, handouts, multimedia projector,
screen, electronic presentation
Progress of the lesson:
Organizational moment (checking absentees, group readiness for the lesson)
Organization of the target space
Testing students' knowledge, communicating the topic and plan of the survey, setting a goal
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Teacher's actions |
Student actions |
Methods |
2) What device is used to change the alternating current and voltage? 3) What is its purpose? 4) What is the structure of the transformer? 6) What is the transformation ratio? What is it like numerically? 7) Which transformer is called step-up and which step-down? 8) What is the power of a transformer called?
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Frontal conversation Problem solving Testing |
Summing up the results of checking the main provisions of the studied section
Reporting a topic, setting a goal, a plan for learning new material
Topic: “Production, transmission and consumption of electricity”
Plan: 1) Electricity production:
a) Industrial energy (hydroelectric power station, thermal power plant, nuclear power plant)
b) Alternative energy (Geothermal power plant, solar power plant, wind power plant, thermal power plant)
2) Electrical energy transmission
3) Efficient use of electrical energy
4) Energy of the Chuvash Republic
Motivation for students' educational activities
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Teacher's actions |
Student actions |
Study method |
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Advanced independent work Study Student reports |
Consolidating new material
Generalization and systematization of the material.
Conducting a summary of the lesson.
Assignment for independent work of students during extracurricular time.
Textbook § 39-41, finish filling out the table
It is impossible to imagine our life without electrical energy today. Electric power has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry and agriculture, science and space. Our life is unthinkable without electricity. Such a widespread use of electricity is explained by its advantages over other types of energy. Electricity has been and remains the main component of human life. The main questions are: how much energy does humanity need? What will the energy sector of the 21st century be like? To answer these questions, it is necessary to know the main methods of generating electricity, to study the problems and prospects of modern electricity production not only in Russia, but also in the territory of Chuvashia and Alatyr.
The conversion of various types of energy into electrical energy occurs at power plants. Let's consider the physical basis of electricity production at power plants.
Statistical data on electricity production in Russia, billion kWh
Depending on the type of energy converted, power plants can be divided into the following main types:
Industrial power plants: hydroelectric power stations, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants
Alternative energy power plants: thermal power plant, solar power plant, wind power plant, geothermal power plant
Hydroelectric power plants
A hydroelectric power station is a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. At a hydroelectric power station, electricity is produced using the energy of water flowing from a higher level to a lower level and rotating a turbine. The dam is the most important and most expensive element of a hydroelectric power station. Water flows from the upstream to the downstream through special pipelines or through channels made in the body of the dam and acquires greater speed. A stream of water flows onto the blades of a hydraulic turbine. The rotor of a hydraulic turbine is driven into rotation under the action of the centrifugal force of a stream of water. The turbine shaft is connected to the shaft of the electric generator, and when the generator rotor rotates, the mechanical energy of the rotor is converted into electrical energy.
The most important feature of hydropower resources compared to fuel and energy resources is their continuous renewability. The absence of fuel requirement for hydroelectric power plants determines the low cost of electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants. However, hydropower is not environmentally friendly. When a dam is built, a reservoir is formed. Water that has flooded vast areas irreversibly changes environment. Raising the river level by a dam can cause waterlogging, salinity, and changes in riparian vegetation and microclimate. That is why the creation and use of environmentally friendly hydraulic structures is so important.
Thermal power plants
Thermal power plant (TPP) is a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The main types of fuel for thermal power plants are natural resources - gas, coal, peat, oil shale, fuel oil. Thermal power plants are divided into two groups: condensing and heating or combined heat and power plants (CHP). Condensing stations supply consumers only with electrical energy. They are built near deposits of local fuel so as not to transport it over long distances. Heating plants supply consumers not only with electrical energy, but also with heat - water vapor or hot water, therefore, thermal power plants are built close to heat receivers, in the centers of industrial areas and large cities to reduce the length of heating networks. Fuel is transported to thermal power plants from its production sites. A boiler with water is installed in the turbine room of the thermal power plant. Due to the heat generated as a result of fuel combustion, the water in the steam boiler is heated, evaporates, and the resulting saturated steam is brought to a temperature of 550 ° C and, under a pressure of 25 MPa, enters the steam turbine through a steam pipeline, the purpose of which is to transform thermal energy steam into mechanical energy. The energy of movement of a steam turbine is converted into electrical energy by a generator, the shaft of which is directly connected to the turbine shaft. After the steam turbine, water vapor, already at low pressure and a temperature of about 25°C, enters the condenser. Here the steam is converted into water with the help of cooling water, which is again supplied to the boiler using a pump. The cycle begins again. Thermal power plants operate on fossil fuels, but, unfortunately, these are irreplaceable natural resources. In addition, the operation of thermal power plants is accompanied by environmental problems: When fuel burns, thermal and chemical pollution of the environment occurs, which has a detrimental effect on the living world of water bodies and the quality of drinking water.
Nuclear power plants
Nuclear power plant (NPP) is a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. Nuclear power plants operate on the same principle as thermal power plants, but for steam generation they use the energy obtained from the fission of heavy atomic nuclei (uranium, plutonium). IN core nuclear reactions occur in the reactor, accompanied by the release of enormous energy. Water that comes into contact with the fuel elements in the reactor core takes heat from them and transfers this heat in the heat exchanger to water, but no longer posing a danger of radioactive radiation. Since the water in the heat exchanger turns into steam, it is called a steam generator. Hot steam enters a turbine, which converts the thermal energy of the steam into mechanical energy. The movement energy of a steam turbine is converted into electrical energy by a generator, the shaft of which is directly connected to the turbine shaft. Nuclear power plants, which are the most modern look power plants have a number of significant advantages over other types of power plants: they do not require connection to a source of raw materials and, in fact, can be located anywhere; under normal operating conditions they are considered environmentally friendly. But during accidents at nuclear power plants, potential danger radiation pollution of the environment. In addition, disposal of radioactive waste and dismantling of old nuclear power plants remains a significant problem.
Alternative energy is a set of promising methods of obtaining energy that are not as widespread as traditional ones, but are of interest because of the profitability of their use with a low risk of harming the ecology of the area. An alternative energy source is a method, device or structure that makes it possible to obtain electrical energy (or other required type of energy) and replaces traditional energy sources that operate on oil, extracted natural gas and coal. The purpose of searching for alternative energy sources is the need to obtain it from the energy of renewable or practically inexhaustible natural resources and phenomena.
Tidal power plants
The use of tidal energy began in the 11th century, when mills and sawmills appeared on the shores of the White and North Seas. Twice a day, the ocean level rises under the influence of the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, attracting masses of water. Far from the shore, water level fluctuations do not exceed 1 m, but near the shore they can reach 13-18 meters. To set up a simple tidal power station (TPP), you need a pool - a dammed bay or a river mouth. The dam has culverts and installed hydraulic turbines that rotate the generator. It is considered economically feasible to build tidal power plants in areas with tidal sea level fluctuations of at least 4 meters. In double-acting tidal power plants, turbines operate by moving water from the sea to the basin and back. Double-acting tidal power plants are capable of generating electricity continuously for 4-5 hours with breaks of 1-2 hours four times a day. To increase the operating time of turbines, there are more complex schemes - with two, three or more pools, but the cost of such projects is very high. The disadvantage of tidal power plants is that they are built only on the shores of seas and oceans, moreover, they do not develop very much power, and the tides occur only twice a day. And even they are not environmentally friendly. They disrupt the normal exchange of salt and fresh water and thereby disrupt the living conditions of marine flora and fauna. They also influence the climate, since they change the energy potential of sea waters, their speed and area of movement.
Wind power plants
Wind energy is an indirect form of solar energy, resulting from differences in temperature and pressure in the Earth's atmosphere. About 2% of solar energy reaching the Earth is converted into wind energy. Wind is a renewable energy source. Its energy can be used in almost all areas of the Earth. Generating electricity from wind power plants is extremely attractive, but at the same time technically challenging. The difficulty lies in the very large dissipation of wind energy and its inconstancy. The principle of operation of wind power plants is simple: the wind rotates the blades of the installation, driving the shaft of the electric generator. The generator produces electrical energy and thus wind energy is converted into electric current. Wind farms are very cheap to produce, but their power is low and their operation is dependent on the weather. In addition, they are very noisy, so large installations even have to be turned off at night. In addition, wind power plants interfere with air traffic and even radio waves. The use of wind power plants causes a local weakening of the strength of air flows, which interferes with the ventilation of industrial areas and even affects the climate. Finally, to use wind power plants, huge areas are required, much larger than for other types of electric generators. And yet, isolated wind farms with heat engines as a reserve and wind farms that operate in parallel with thermal and hydroelectric power plants should take a prominent place in the energy supply of those areas where wind speeds exceed 5 m/s.
Geothermal power plants
Geothermal energy is the energy of the Earth's interior. Volcanic eruptions clearly demonstrate the enormous heat inside the planet. Scientists estimate the temperature of the Earth's core to be thousands of degrees Celsius. Geothermal heat is the heat contained in underground hot water and water vapor, and the heat of heated dry rocks. Geothermal thermal power plants (GeoTES) convert the internal heat of the Earth (energy of hot steam-water sources) into electrical energy. Sources of geothermal energy can be underground pools of natural coolants - hot water or steam. Essentially, these are ready-to-use "underground boilers" from which water or steam can be extracted using conventional boreholes. The natural steam obtained in this way, after preliminary purification from gases that cause pipe destruction, is sent to turbines connected to electric generators. The use of geothermal energy does not require large costs, because in this case we are talking about “ready-to-use” energy sources created by nature itself. The disadvantages of geothermal power plants include the possibility of local subsidence of soil and the awakening of seismic activity. And the gases coming out of the ground create considerable noise in the surrounding area and may, moreover, contain toxic substances. In addition, geothermal power plants cannot be built everywhere, because geological conditions are required for its construction.
Solar power plants
Solar energy is the most ambitious, cheapest, but also, perhaps, the least used source of energy by humans. The conversion of solar radiation energy into electrical energy is carried out using solar power plants. There are thermodynamic solar power plants, in which solar energy is first converted into heat and then into electricity; and photos power stations, directly converting solar energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic stations uninterruptedly supply electricity to river buoys, signal lights, emergency communication systems, lighthouse lamps and many other objects located in hard-to-reach places. As solar panels improve, they will find application in residential buildings for autonomous power supply(heating, hot water supply, lighting and power supply for household electrical appliances). Solar power plants have a noticeable advantage over other types of stations: the absence of harmful emissions and environmental friendliness, quiet operation, and preservation of the integrity of the earth's interior.
Transmission of electricity over a distance
Electricity is produced close to fuel or water sources, while its consumers are located everywhere. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances. Let's consider a schematic diagram of the transmission of electricity from a generator to a consumer. Typically, alternating current generators at power plants produce a voltage not exceeding 20 kV, since at higher voltages the possibility of electrical breakdown of insulation in the winding and in other parts of the generator increases sharply. To maintain the transmitted power, the voltage in the power lines must be maximum, which is why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. However, the voltage in the power line is limited: if the voltage is too high, discharges occur between the wires, leading to energy loss. To use electricity in industrial enterprises, a significant reduction in voltage is required, carried out using step-down transformers. A further reduction in voltage to a value of about 4 kV is necessary for power distribution through local networks, i.e. along those wires that we see on the outskirts of our cities. Less powerful transformers reduce the voltage to 220 V (the voltage used by most individual consumers).
Efficient use of electricity
Electricity occupies a significant place in the expenses of every family. Her efficient use will significantly reduce costs. Increasingly, computers are being installed in our apartments, dishwashers, food processors. Therefore, the payment for electricity is very significant. Increased energy consumption leads to additional consumption of non-renewable natural resources: coal, oil, gas. When fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, leading to harmful climate change. Saving electricity allows you to reduce the consumption of natural resources, and therefore reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
Four stages of energy saving
Don't forget to turn off the lights.
Use energy saving light bulbs and household appliances class A.
It is good to insulate windows and doors.
Install heat supply regulators (batteries with valve).
The energy sector of Chuvashia is one of the most developed industries of the republic, on the work of which social, economic and political well-being directly depends. Energy is the basis for the functioning of the economy and the life support of the republic. The work of the energy complex of Chuvashia is so tightly connected with the daily life of every enterprise, institution, firm, house, every apartment and, ultimately, every resident of our republic.
At the very beginning of the 20th century, when the electric power industry was just taking its first practical steps.
Until 1917 There was not a single public power station on the territory of modern Chuvashia. Peasant houses were illuminated by a torch.
There were only 16 prime movers in industry. In Alatyr district, electricity was produced and used at sawmills and flour mills. There was a small power plant at a distillery near Marposad. The Talantsev merchants had their own power plant at the oil mill in Yadrino. In Cheboksary, the merchant Efremov owned a small power plant. She served the sawmill and its two houses.
There was almost no light both in the houses and on the streets of the cities of Chuvashia.
The development of energy in Chuvashia begins after 1917. Since 1918 The construction of public power plants begins, and a lot of work is underway to create an electric power industry in the city of Alatyr. At that time, they decided to build the first power plant at the former Popov plant.
In Cheboksary, the department dealt with electrification issues utilities. Through his efforts in 1918 The power plant at the sawmill, owned by the merchant Efremov, resumed operation. Electricity was supplied through two lines to government agencies and for street lighting.
The formation of the Chuvash Autonomous Region (June 24, 1920) created favorable conditions for the development of energy. It was in 1920. Due to the urgent need, the regional department of public utilities equipped the first small power station in Cheboksary, with a capacity of 12 kW.
The Mariinsko-Posad power plant was equipped in 1919. The Marposad city power plant began to provide electricity. The Tsivilskaya power plant was built in 1919, but due to the lack of power lines, electricity supply began only in 1923.
Thus, the first foundations of Chuvashia’s energy sector were laid during the years of intervention and civil war. The first small urban communal power plants for public use with a total capacity of about 20 kW were created.
Before the revolution of 1917, there was not a single public power station on the territory of Chuvashia, and the houses were dominated by torch. They even worked in small workshops using a torch or kerosene lamp. Here artisans used mechanically driven equipment. At more established enterprises, where agricultural and forestry products were processed, paper was boiled, butter was churned and flour was ground,
there were 16 low-power engines.
Under the Bolsheviks, the city of Alatyr became a pioneer in the energy industry of Chuvashia. In this small town, thanks to the efforts of the local economic council, the first public power plant appeared.
In Cheboksary, all electrification in 1918 boiled down to the restoration of the power plant at the sawmill confiscated from the merchant Efremov, which became known as “Named on October 25.” However, its electricity was only enough to illuminate some streets and government institutions (according to statistics, in 1920, city officials had about 100 light bulbs with a power of 20 candles).
In 1924, three more small power plants were built, and, to manage the increasing energy base, the Chuvash Association of Utility Power Plants - CHOKES - was created on October 1, 1924. In 1925, the State Planning Committee of the Republic adopted an electrification plan, which provided for the construction of 8 new power plants over 5 years - 5 urban (in Cheboksary, Kanash, Marposad, Tsivilsk and Yadrin) and 3 rural (in Ibresy, Vurnary and Urmary). The implementation of this project made it possible to electrify 100 villages - mainly in the Cheboksary and Tsivilsky districts and along the Cheboksary - Kanash highway, 700 peasant households, and some handicraft workshops.
During 1929-1932, the capacity of the republic's municipal and industrial power plants increased almost 10 times; Electricity production from these power plants increased almost 30 times.
During the Great Patriotic War, major measures were taken to strengthen and develop the energy base of the republic's industry. The growth in capacity occurred mainly due to the growth in the capacity of regional, municipal and rural power plants. The energy workers of Chuvashia passed the difficult test with honor and fulfilled their patriotic duty. They understood that the electricity produced was needed, first of all, by enterprises fulfilling orders from the front.
During the years of the post-war five-year plan, 102 rural power plants were built and put into operation in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, incl. 69 hydroelectric power stations and 33 thermal power plants. The supply of electricity to agriculture has increased 3 times compared to 1945.
In 1953, in Alatyr, by order signed by Stalin, the construction of the Alatyr thermal power plant began. The first turbogenerator with a capacity of 4 MW was put into operation in 1957, the second - in 1959. According to forecasts, the power of the thermal power plant should have been sufficient until 1985 for both the city and the region and would have provided electricity to the Turgenevsky Light Factory in Mordovia.
Bibliography
Textbook by S.V. Gromov “Physics, 10th grade”. Moscow: Enlightenment.
Encyclopedic dictionary of a young physicist. Compound. V.A. Chuyanov, Moscow: Pedagogy.
Ellion L., Wilcons W.. Physics. Moscow: Science.
Koltun M. World of Physics. Moscow.
Energy sources. Facts, problems, solutions. Moscow: Science and Technology.
Non-traditional energy sources. Moscow: Knowledge.
Yudasin L.S.. Energy: problems and hopes. Moscow: Enlightenment.
Podgorny A.N. Hydrogen energy. Moscow: Science.
Application
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Power plant |
Primary energy source |
Conversion circuit energy |
Advantages |
Flaws |
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GeoTES |
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Complete the sentence: The energy system is
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Power grid - The electrical system of the country's regions, connected by high-voltage power lines |
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What is the source of energy in hydroelectric power plants?
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What energy sources - renewable or non-renewable - are used in the Republic of Chuvashia? |
Non-renewable |
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Place in chronological order the energy sources that became available to humanity, starting with the earliest: A. Electric traction; B. Nuclear energy; B. Muscular energy of domestic animals; D. Steam energy. |
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Name the energy sources known to you, the use of which will reduce the environmental consequences of the electric power industry. |
PES GeoTES |
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Check yourself on the answers on the screen and give a rating: 5 correct answers – 5 4 correct answers – 4 3 correct answers - 3 |
Khokhlova Kristina
Presentation on the topic "Production, transmission and use of electrical energy"
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Presentation Production, transmission and use of electrical energy Kristina Khokhlova, 11th grade, Municipal Educational Institution-Secondary School No. 64
Presentation plan Electricity generation Types of power plants Alternative energy sources Electricity transmission Electricity use
There are several types of power plants: Types of power plants TPP HPP NPP
Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil. The most economical are large thermal steam turbine power plants. Most thermal power plants in our country use coal dust as fuel. To generate 1 kWh of electricity, several hundred grams of coal are consumed. In a steam boiler, over 90% of the energy released by the fuel is transferred to steam. In the turbine, the kinetic energy of the steam jets is transferred to the rotor. The turbine shaft is rigidly connected to the generator shaft. TPP
TPPs TPPs are divided into: Condensing power plants (CPS) They are designed to generate only electrical energy. Large CPPs of regional significance are called state district power plants (SDPPs). combined heat and power plants (CHPs) that produce, in addition to electricity, thermal energy in the form of hot water and steam.
Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. The pressure of a hydroelectric power station is created by the concentration of the fall of the river in the area being used by a dam, or diversion, or a dam and diversion together. hydroelectric power station
Power of hydroelectric power stations Hydroelectric power stations are also divided into: The power of hydroelectric power stations depends on the pressure, water flow used in hydraulic turbines, and the efficiency of the hydraulic unit. For a number of reasons (due to, for example, seasonal changes in the water level in reservoirs, fluctuations in the load of the power system, repairs of hydraulic units or hydraulic structures, etc.), the pressure and flow of water continuously change, and, in addition, the flow changes when regulating the power of a hydroelectric power station. high-pressure (over 60 m) medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m) Medium (up to 25 MW) Powerful (over 25 MW) Small (up to 5 MW)
A special place among hydroelectric power plants is occupied by: Pumped storage power plants (PSPPs) The ability of PSPPs to accumulate energy is based on the fact that free electrical energy in the power system for a certain period of time is used by pumped storage power plants, which, operating in pump mode, pump water from the reservoir into the upper storage pool. During peak load periods, the accumulated energy is returned to the power system. Tidal power plants (TPPs) TPPs convert the energy of sea tides into electricity. The electricity of tidal hydroelectric power stations, due to some features associated with the periodic nature of the ebb and flow of tides, can be used in energy systems only in conjunction with the energy of regulating power plants, which make up for the power failures of tidal power stations within days or months.
The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of the chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements is then converted into electricity in the same way as in conventional thermal power plants (TPPs). Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel (based on 233U, 235U, 239Pu). It has been established that the world's energy resources of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium, etc.) significantly exceed the energy resources of natural reserves of organic fuel (oil, coal, natural gas etc.). In addition, it is necessary to take into account the ever-increasing volume of consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes in the world. chemical industry, which is becoming a serious competitor to thermal power plants. nuclear power plant
NPPs Most often, 4 types of thermal neutron reactors are used at nuclear power plants: graphite-water reactors with a water coolant and a graphite moderator, heavy-water with a water coolant and heavy water as a moderator, water-water with ordinary water as a moderator and coolant, graffito-gas with a gas coolant and a graphite moderator.
The choice of the predominantly used reactor type is determined mainly by the accumulated experience in the carrier reactor, as well as the availability of the necessary industrial equipment, raw material reserves, etc. The reactor and its servicing systems include: the reactor itself with biological protection, heat exchangers, pumps or gas-blowing units that circulate the coolant, pipelines and fittings for the circulation circuit, devices for reloading nuclear fuel, special ventilation systems, emergency cooling, etc. To protect nuclear power plant personnel from radiation exposure, the reactor is surrounded by biological shielding, the main materials for which are concrete, water, and serpentine sand. The reactor circuit equipment must be completely sealed. nuclear power plant
Alternative energy sources. Solar energy Solar energy is one of the most material-intensive types of energy production. Large-scale use of solar energy entails a gigantic increase in the need for materials, and, consequently, in labor resources for the extraction of raw materials, their enrichment, obtaining materials, manufacturing heliostats, collectors, other equipment, and their transportation. Wind energy The energy of moving air masses is enormous. Wind energy reserves are more than a hundred times greater than the hydroelectric energy reserves of all the rivers on the planet. Winds blow constantly and everywhere on earth. Climatic conditions allow the development of wind energy over a vast territory. Through the efforts of scientists and engineers, a wide variety of designs of modern wind turbines have been created. Earth energy Earth energy is suitable not only for heating premises, as is the case in Iceland, but also for generating electricity. Power plants using hot underground springs have been operating for a long time. The first such power plant, still very low-power, was built in 1904 in the small Italian town of Larderello. Gradually, the power of the power plant grew, more and more new units were put into operation, new sources of hot water were used, and today the power of the station has already reached an impressive value of 360 thousand kilowatts.
Solar energy Air energy Earth energy
Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and hydro resources. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over distances sometimes reaching hundreds of kilometers. But transmitting electricity over long distances is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that as current flows through power lines, it heats them up. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula: Q= I 2 Rt where R is the line resistance. With a large line length, energy transmission may become generally unprofitable. To reduce losses, you can increase the cross-sectional area of the wires. But when R decreases by 100 times, the mass must also be increased by 100 times. Such consumption of non-ferrous metal should not be allowed. Therefore, energy losses in the line are reduced in another way: by reducing the current in the line. For example, reducing the current by 10 times reduces the amount of heat released in the conductors by 100 times, i.e., the same effect is achieved as from making the wire a hundred times heavier. That's why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. The transformer increases the voltage in the line by the same amount as it decreases the current. The power losses are small. Electric power stations in a number of regions of the country are connected by high-voltage transmission lines, forming a common power grid to which consumers are connected. Such an association is called a power system. The power system ensures uninterrupted supply of energy to consumers regardless of their location.
The use of electricity in various fields of science Science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. About 80% of GDP growth developed countries achieved through technical innovation, most of which is related to the use of electricity. Everything new in industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. But if in the 19th century these calculations were made using pen and paper, then in the age of the STR (scientific and technological revolution) all theoretical calculations, selection and analysis of scientific data, and even linguistic analysis of literary works are done using computers (electronic computers), which operate on electrical energy, which is most convenient for transmitting it over a distance and using it. But if initially computers were used for scientific calculations, now computers have come from science to life. Electronization and automation of production are the most important consequences of the "second industrial" or "microelectronic" revolution in the economies of developed countries. Science in the field of communications and communications is developing very rapidly. Satellite communications It is no longer used only as a means of international communication, but also in everyday life - satellite dishes are not uncommon in our city. New means of communication, such as fiber technology, can significantly reduce energy losses in the process of transmitting signals over long distances. Completely new means of obtaining information, its accumulation, processing and transmission have been created, which together form a complex information structure.
Use of electricity in production Modern society cannot be imagined without electrification production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry. Main part industrial enterprises runs on electrical energy. High electricity consumption is typical for energy-intensive industries such as metallurgy, aluminum and mechanical engineering.
Use of electricity in everyday life Electricity in everyday life is an integral assistant. Every day we deal with her, and, probably, we can no longer imagine our life without her. Remember the last time your lights were turned off, that is, there was no electricity coming to your house, remember how you swore that you didn’t have time to do anything and you needed light, you needed a TV, a kettle and a bunch of other electrical appliances. After all, if we were to lose power forever, we would simply return to those ancient times when food was cooked over fires and we lived in cold wigwams. A whole poem can be dedicated to the importance of electricity in our lives, it is so important in our lives and we are so accustomed to it. Although we no longer notice that it is coming into our homes, when it is turned off, it becomes very uncomfortable.
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Introduction.
The birth of energy occurred several million years ago, when people learned to use fire. Fire gave them warmth and light, was a source of inspiration and optimism, a weapon against enemies and wild animals, a healing agent, an assistant in agriculture, a food preservative, a technological tool, etc.
The wonderful myth of Prometheus, who gave people fire, appeared in Ancient Greece much later than in many parts of the world quite sophisticated methods of handling fire, its production and extinguishing, preserving fire and rational use fuel.
For many years, fire was maintained by burning plant energy sources (wood, shrubs, reeds, grass, dry algae, etc.), and then the possibility of using fossil substances to maintain fire was discovered: coal, oil, shale, peat.
Today, energy remains the main component of human life. It makes it possible to create various materials and is one of the main factors in the development of new technologies. Simply put, without mastering various types of energy, a person is not able to fully exist.
Electricity production.
Types of power plants.
Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century and became widespread. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, thermal power plants were the main type of power plants.
In thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil.
Thermal power plants are divided into condensing power plants (CHPs), designed to generate only electrical energy, and combined heat and power plants (CHPs), which produce, in addition to electricity, thermal energy in the form of hot water and steam. Large CPPs of regional significance are called state district power plants (SDPPs).
The simplest schematic diagram of a coal-fired IES is shown in the figure. Coal is supplied to fuel bunker 1, and from it to crushing plant 2, where it turns to dust. Coal dust enters the furnace of a steam generator (steam boiler) 3, which has a system of tubes in which chemically purified water, called feedwater, circulates. In the boiler, the water is heated, evaporated, and the resulting saturated steam is brought to a temperature of 400-650 °C and, under a pressure of 3-24 MPa, enters steam turbine 4 through a steam line. Steam parameters depend on the power of the units.
Thermal condensing power plants have low efficiency (30-40%), since most of the energy is lost with flue gases and condenser cooling water. It is advantageous to build CPPs in close proximity to fuel production sites. In this case, electricity consumers may be located at a considerable distance from the station.
A combined heat and power plant differs from a condensing station by having a special heating turbine installed on it with steam extraction. At a thermal power plant, one part of the steam is completely used in the turbine to generate electricity in the generator 5 and then enters the condenser 6, and the other, having a higher temperature and pressure, is taken from the intermediate stage of the turbine and is used for heat supply. The condensate is supplied by pump 7 through the deaerator 8 and then by the feed pump 9 to the steam generator. The amount of steam taken depends on the thermal energy needs of enterprises.
Coefficient useful action CHP reaches 60-70%. Such stations are usually built near consumers - industrial enterprises or residential areas. Most often they run on imported fuel.
Thermal stations with gas turbine (GTPP), combined cycle (CGPP) and diesel plants have become significantly less widespread.
Gas or liquid fuel is burned in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine power plant; combustion products with a temperature of 750-900 ºС enter a gas turbine that rotates an electric generator. The efficiency of such thermal power plants is usually 26-28%, the power is up to several hundred MW. GTPPs are usually used to cover electrical load peaks. The efficiency of PGES can reach 42 - 43%.
The most economical are large thermal steam turbine power plants (abbreviated TPP). Most thermal power plants in our country use coal dust as fuel. To generate 1 kWh of electricity, several hundred grams of coal are consumed. In a steam boiler, over 90% of the energy released by the fuel is transferred to steam. In the turbine, the kinetic energy of the steam jets is transferred to the rotor. The turbine shaft is rigidly connected to the generator shaft.
Modern steam turbines for thermal power plants - very advanced, high-speed, highly economical machines with a long service life. Their power in a single-shaft version reaches 1 million 200 thousand kW, and this is not the limit. Such machines are always multi-stage, that is, they usually have several dozen disks with working blades and the same number, in front of each disk, of groups of nozzles through which a stream of steam flows. The pressure and temperature of the steam gradually decrease.
From the physics course it is known that Thermal efficiency engines increases with increasing initial temperature of the working fluid. Therefore, the steam entering the turbine is brought to high parameters: temperature - almost 550 ° C and pressure - up to 25 MPa. The efficiency of thermal power plants reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with the hot exhaust steam.
Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.
I Introduction
II Electricity production and use
1. Electricity generation
1.1 Generator
2. Electricity use
III Transformers
1. Purpose
2. Classification
3. Device
4. Characteristics
5. Modes
5.1 Idling
5.2 Mode short circuit
5.3 Load mode
IV Electricity transmission
V GOELRO
1. History
2. Results
VI List of references
I. Introduction
Electricity, one of the most important species energy plays a huge role in the modern world. It is the core of the economies of states, determining their position in the international arena and level of development. Huge sums of money are invested annually in the development of scientific industries related to electricity.
Electricity is an integral part everyday life, therefore it is important to have information about the features of its production and use.
II. Electricity production and use
1. Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the production of electricity by converting it from other types of energy using special technical devices.
To generate electricity use:
An electric generator is an electrical machine in which mechanical work is converted into electrical energy.
Solar battery or photocell - electronic device, which converts the energy of electromagnetic radiation, mainly in the light range, into electrical energy.
Chemical current sources - the conversion of part of the chemical energy into electrical energy through a chemical reaction.
Radioisotope sources of electricity are devices that use the energy released during radioactive decay to heat a coolant or convert it into electricity.
Electricity is generated at power plants: thermal, hydraulic, nuclear, solar, geothermal, wind and others.
Almost all power plants with industrial value, the following scheme is used: the energy of the primary energy carrier, using a special device, is first converted into mechanical energy of rotational motion, which is transferred to a special electrical machine - a generator, where electric current is generated.
The main three types of power plants: TPP, HPP, NPP
Thermal power plants (TPPs) play a leading role in the electric power industry of many countries.
Thermal power plants require huge amounts of organic fuel, but its reserves are decreasing, and the cost is constantly increasing due to increasingly complex production conditions and transportation distances. Their fuel utilization rate is quite low (no more than 40%), and the volume of waste that pollutes the environment is large.
Economic, technical, economic and environmental factors do not allow thermal power plants to be considered a promising way to generate electricity.
Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) are the most economical. Their efficiency reaches 93%, and the cost of one kWh is 5 times cheaper than other methods of generating electricity. They use an inexhaustible source of energy, are serviced by a minimum number of workers, and are well regulated. In terms of the size and power of individual hydroelectric power stations and units, our country occupies a leading position in the world.
But the pace of development is hampered by significant costs and construction time due to the remoteness of hydroelectric power station construction sites from large cities, lack of roads, difficult construction conditions, subject to the influence of seasonality of river regimes, large areas of valuable riverine lands are flooded by reservoirs, large reservoirs negatively impact the environmental situation, powerful hydroelectric power stations can only be built in places where appropriate resources are available.
Nuclear power plants (NPPs) operate on the same principle as thermal power plants, i.e., the thermal energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft, which drives the generator, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
The main advantage of nuclear power plants is the small amount of fuel used (1 kg of enriched uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal), as a result of which nuclear power plants can be built in any energy-deficient areas. In addition, the reserves of uranium on Earth exceed the reserves of traditional mineral fuel, and during trouble-free operation of nuclear power plants they have little impact on the environment.
The main disadvantage of nuclear power plants is the possibility of accidents with catastrophic consequences, the prevention of which requires serious safety measures. In addition, nuclear power plants are poorly regulated (it takes several weeks to completely shut them down or start them up), and technologies for processing radioactive waste have not been developed.
Nuclear energy has grown into one of the leading sectors of the national economy and continues to develop rapidly, ensuring safety and environmental cleanliness.
1.1 Generator
An electric generator is a device in which non-electrical types of energy (mechanical, chemical, thermal) are converted into electrical energy.
The principle of operation of the generator is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, when an EMF is induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field and crossing its magnetic lines of force. Therefore, such a conductor can be considered by us as a source of electrical energy.
The method of obtaining induced emf, in which the conductor moves in a magnetic field, moving up or down, is very inconvenient for practical use. Therefore, generators use not linear, but rotational movement of the conductor.
The main parts of any generator are: a system of magnets or, most often, electromagnets that create a magnetic field, and a system of conductors that cross this magnetic field.
An alternator is an electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into alternating current electrical energy. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field.
When the frame rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes, so an emf is induced in it. Since the frame is connected to an external electrical circuit using a current collector (rings and brushes), an electric current arises in the frame and the external circuit.
With uniform rotation of the frame, the angle of rotation changes according to the law:
The magnetic flux through the frame also changes over time, its dependence is determined by the function:
Where S− frame area.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the induced emf arising in the frame is equal to:
where is the amplitude of the induced emf.
Another quantity that characterizes the generator is the current strength, expressed by the formula:
Where i- current strength at any time, I m- current amplitude (maximum modulus current value), φ c- phase shift between current and voltage fluctuations.
The electrical voltage at the generator terminals changes according to a sinusoidal or cosine law:
Almost all generators installed in our power plants are three-phase current generators. Essentially, each such generator is a connection in one electric machine of three alternating current generators, designed in such a way that the emfs induced in them are shifted relative to each other by one third of the period:
2. Electricity use
Power supply for industrial enterprises. Industrial enterprises consume 30-70% of the electricity generated as part of the electrical power system. The significant variation in industrial consumption is determined by the industrial development and climatic conditions of different countries.
Power supply for electrified transport. Rectifier substations of electric transport on direct current (urban, industrial, intercity) and step-down substations of intercity electric transport on alternating current are powered by electricity from electrical networks EPS.
Electricity supply for municipal and household consumers. This group of buildings includes a wide range of buildings located in residential areas of cities and towns. These are residential buildings, administrative buildings, educational and scientific institutions, shops, healthcare buildings, cultural buildings, public catering, etc.
III. Transformers
Transformer - a static electromagnetic device having two or more inductively coupled windings and designed to transform, through electromagnetic induction, one (primary) alternating current system into another (secondary) alternating current system.
Transformer device diagram
1 - primary winding of the transformer
2 - magnetic circuit
3 - secondary winding of the transformer
F- direction of magnetic flux
U 1- voltage on the primary winding
U 2- voltage on the secondary winding
The first transformers with an open magnetic circuit were proposed in 1876 by P.N. Yablochkov, who used them to power an electric “candle”. In 1885, Hungarian scientists M. Dery, O. Blati, K. Tsipernovsky developed single-phase industrial transformers with a closed magnetic circuit. In 1889-1891. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky proposed a three-phase transformer.
1. Purpose
Transformers are widely used in various fields:
For transmission and distribution of electrical energy
Typically, in power plants, alternating current generators produce electrical energy at a voltage of 6-24 kV, and it is profitable to transmit electricity over long distances at much higher voltages (110, 220, 330, 400, 500, and 750 kV). Therefore, transformers are installed at each power plant to increase the voltage.
Distribution of electrical energy between industrial enterprises, settlements, in cities and rural areas, as well as inside industrial enterprises, is produced via overhead and cable lines, at voltages of 220, 110, 35, 20, 10 and 6 kV. Consequently, transformers must be installed in all distribution nodes, reducing the voltage to 220, 380 and 660 V.
To provide the required circuit for switching on valves in converter devices and matching the voltage at the output and input of the converter (converter transformers).
For various technological purposes: welding (welding transformers), power supply of electrothermal installations (electric furnace transformers), etc.
For powering various circuits of radio equipment, electronic equipment, communication and automation devices, electrical household appliances, for separating electrical circuits of various elements of these devices, for matching voltage, etc.
To include electrical measuring instruments and some devices (relays, etc.) in high-voltage electrical circuits or in circuits through which large currents pass, in order to expand the measurement limits and ensure electrical safety. (instrument transformers)
2. Classification
Transformer classification:
- By purpose: general power (used in power transmission and distribution lines) and special applications (furnaces, rectifiers, welding, radio transformers).
- By type of cooling: with air (dry transformers) and oil (oil transformers) cooling.
- According to the number of phases on the primary side: single-phase and three-phase.
- According to the shape of the magnetic circuit: rod, armored, toroidal.
- According to the number of windings per phase: two-winding, three-winding, multi-winding (more than three windings).
- According to the winding design: with concentric and alternating (disc) windings.
3. Device
The simplest transformer (single-phase transformer) is a device consisting of a steel core and two windings.
The principle of a single-phase two-winding transformer
The magnetic core is the magnetic system of the transformer, through which the main magnetic flux is closed.
When an alternating voltage is supplied to the primary winding, an emf of the same frequency is induced in the secondary winding. If you connect some electrical receiver to the secondary winding, then an electric current arises in it and a voltage is established at the secondary terminals of the transformer, which is somewhat less than the EMF and depends to some relatively small extent on the load.
Transformer symbol:
a) - transformer with a steel core, b) - transformer with a ferrite core
4. Transformer characteristics
- The rated power of a transformer is the power for which it is designed.
- Rated primary voltage is the voltage for which the primary winding of the transformer is designed.
- Rated secondary voltage - the voltage at the terminals of the secondary winding, resulting from the no-load condition of the transformer and the rated voltage at the terminals of the primary winding.
- Rated currents are determined by the corresponding rated power and voltage values.
- The highest rated voltage of a transformer is the highest of the rated voltages of the transformer windings.
- The lowest rated voltage is the smallest of the rated voltages of the transformer windings.
- Average rated voltage is a rated voltage that is intermediate between the highest and lowest rated voltage of the transformer windings.
5. Modes
5.1 Idling
Mode idle speed- operating mode of the transformer, in which the secondary winding of the transformer is open, and alternating voltage is applied to the terminals of the primary winding.
A current flows in the primary winding of a transformer connected to an alternating current source, resulting in an alternating magnetic flux appearing in the core. Φ , penetrating both windings. Since Φ is the same in both windings of the transformer, then the change Φ leads to the appearance of the same induced emf in each turn of the primary and secondary windings. Instantaneous value of induced emf e in any turn of the windings is the same and is determined by the formula:
where is the amplitude of the EMF in one turn.
The amplitude of the induced emf in the primary and secondary windings will be proportional to the number of turns in the corresponding winding:
Where N 1 And N 2- the number of turns in them.
The voltage drop across the primary winding, like a resistor, is very small compared to ε 1, and therefore for effective voltage values in the primary U 1 and secondary U 2 windings, the following expression will be valid:
K- transformation coefficient. At K>1 step-down transformer, and when K<1 - повышающий.
5.2 Short circuit mode
Short circuit mode - a mode when the terminals of the secondary winding are closed by a current conductor with a resistance equal to zero ( Z=0).
A short circuit of a transformer under operating conditions creates an emergency mode, since the secondary current, and therefore the primary one, increases several tens of times compared to the rated one. Therefore, in circuits with transformers, protection is provided that, in the event of a short circuit, automatically turns off the transformer.
It is necessary to distinguish between two short circuit modes:
Emergency mode - when the secondary winding is closed at the rated primary voltage. With such a short circuit, the currents increase by 15¸ 20 times. The winding is deformed and the insulation becomes charred. Iron also burns. This is hard mode. Maximum and gas protection disconnects the transformer from the network in the event of an emergency short circuit.
The experimental short circuit mode is a mode when the secondary winding is short-circuited, and such a reduced voltage is supplied to the primary winding when the rated current flows through the windings - this is U K- short circuit voltage.
In laboratory conditions, a test short circuit of the transformer can be carried out. In this case, the voltage expressed as a percentage U K, at I 1 =I 1nom denote u K and is called the transformer short circuit voltage:
Where U 1nom- rated primary voltage.
This is a characteristic of the transformer indicated in the passport.
5.3 Load mode
Load mode of a transformer - operating mode of a transformer in the presence of currents in at least two of its main windings, each of which is closed to an external circuit, without taking into account the currents flowing in two or more windings in no-load mode:
If voltage is connected to the primary winding of the transformer U 1, and connect the secondary winding to the load, currents will appear in the windings I 1 And I 2. These currents will create magnetic fluxes Φ 1 And Φ 2, directed towards each other. The total magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit decreases. As a result, the EMF induced by the total flow ε 1 And ε 2 are decreasing. RMS voltage U 1 remains unchanged. Decrease ε 1 causes an increase in current I 1:
With increasing current I 1 flow Φ 1 increases just enough to compensate for the demagnetizing effect of the flow Φ 2. Equilibrium is restored again at almost the same value of the total flow.
IV. Electricity transmission
Transferring electricity from power plants to consumers is one of the most important tasks in the energy sector.
Electricity is transmitted primarily through overhead AC power lines (OLTs), although there is a trend towards increasing use of cable and DC lines.
The need to transmit electricity over a distance is due to the fact that electricity is generated by large power plants with powerful units, and is consumed by relatively low-power electrical receivers distributed over a large area. The trend towards concentration of generating capacities is explained by the fact that with their growth, the relative costs of constructing power plants decrease and the cost of generated electricity decreases.
The placement of powerful power plants is carried out taking into account a number of factors, such as the availability of energy resources, their type, reserves and transportation capabilities, natural conditions, the ability to operate as part of a unified energy system, etc. Often such power plants turn out to be significantly remote from the main centers of electricity consumption. The operation of unified electrical power systems covering vast territories depends on the efficiency of transmitting electricity over distances.
It is necessary to transfer electricity from the places of its production to consumers with minimal losses. The main reason for these losses is the conversion of part of the electricity into the internal energy of the wires, their heating.
According to the Joule-Lenz law, the amount of heat Q, released during time t in the conductor by resistance R when current passes I, equals:
From the formula it follows that to reduce the heating of the wires it is necessary to reduce the current in them and their resistance. To reduce the resistance of the wires, increase their diameter; however, very thick wires hanging between power line supports can break under the influence of gravity, especially during snowfall. In addition, as the thickness of the wires increases, their cost increases, and they are made of a relatively expensive metal - copper. Therefore, a more effective way to minimize energy losses during electricity transmission is to reduce the current in the wires.
Thus, in order to reduce the heating of wires when transmitting electricity over long distances, it is necessary to make the current in them as small as possible.
The current power is equal to the current multiplied by the voltage:
Consequently, to maintain the power transmitted over long distances, it is necessary to increase the voltage by the same amount as the current in the wires was reduced:
It follows from the formula that at constant values of transmitted current power and wire resistance, heating losses in the wires are inversely proportional to the square of the network voltage. Therefore, to transmit electricity over distances of several hundred kilometers, high-voltage power lines (power lines) are used, the voltage between the wires of which is tens and sometimes hundreds of thousands of volts.
With the help of power lines, neighboring power plants are combined into a single network called a power grid. The Unified Energy System of Russia includes a huge number of power plants controlled from a single center and ensures an uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers.
V. GOELRO
1. History
GOELRO (State Commission for Electrification of Russia) is a body created on February 21, 1920 to develop a project for the electrification of Russia after the October Revolution of 1917.
Over 200 scientists and technicians were involved in the work of the commission. The commission was headed by G.M. Krzhizhanovsky. The Central Committee of the Communist Party and V.I. Lenin personally daily directed the work of the GOELRO commission and determined the main fundamental provisions of the country’s electrification plan.
By the end of 1920, the commission had done a lot of work and prepared the “Electrification Plan of the RSFSR” - a volume of 650 pages of text with maps and diagrams of electrification of areas.
The GOELRO plan, designed for 10-15 years, implemented Lenin’s ideas of electrifying the entire country and creating a large industry.
In the field of the electric power industry, the plan consisted of a program designed for the restoration and reconstruction of the pre-war electric power industry, the construction of 30 regional power stations, and the construction of powerful regional thermal power plants. It was planned to equip the power plants with boilers and turbines that were large for that time.
One of the main ideas of the plan was the widespread use of the country's huge hydropower resources. A radical reconstruction based on the electrification of all sectors of the country's national economy and mainly the growth of heavy industry and the rational distribution of industry throughout the country were envisaged.
The implementation of the GOELRO plan began in difficult conditions of the Civil War and economic ruin.
Since 1947, the USSR has ranked 1st in Europe and 2nd in the world in electricity production.
The GOELRO plan played a huge role in the life of our country: without it, it would not have been possible to bring the USSR into the ranks of the most industrially developed countries in the world in such a short time. The implementation of this plan shaped the entire domestic economy and still largely determines it.
The drawing up and implementation of the GOELRO plan became possible solely due to a combination of many objective and subjective factors: the considerable industrial and economic potential of pre-revolutionary Russia, the high level of the Russian scientific and technical school, the concentration in one hand of all economic and political power, its strength and will, as well as the traditional conciliar-communal mentality of the people and their obedient and trusting attitude towards the supreme rulers.
The GOELRO plan and its implementation proved the high efficiency of the state planning system in conditions of strictly centralized government and predetermined the development of this system for many decades.
2. Results
By the end of 1935, the electrical construction program was exceeded several times.
Instead of 30, 40 regional power plants were built, at which, together with other large industrial stations, 6,914 thousand kW of capacity were commissioned (of which 4,540 thousand kW were regional - almost three times more than according to the GOELRO plan).
In 1935, among the regional power plants there were 13 power plants with 100 thousand kW each.
Before the revolution, the capacity of the largest power plant in Russia (1st Moscow) was only 75 thousand kW; there was not a single large hydroelectric power station. By the beginning of 1935, the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power stations reached almost 700 thousand kW.
The largest hydroelectric power station in the world at that time, the Dnieper hydroelectric station, Svirskaya 3rd, Volkhovskaya, etc., were built. At the highest point of its development, the Unified Energy System of the USSR was superior in many respects to the energy systems of developed countries in Europe and America.
Electricity was virtually unknown in villages before the revolution. Large landowners installed small power plants, but their numbers were few.
Electricity began to be used in agriculture: in mills, feed cutters, grain cleaning machines, and sawmills; in industry, and later in everyday life.
List of used literature
Venikov V.A., Long-distance power transmission, M.-L., 1960;
Sovalov S. A., Power transmission modes 400-500 sq. EES, M., 1967;
Bessonov, L.A. Theoretical foundations of electrical engineering. Electric circuits: textbook / L.A. Bessonov. — 10th ed. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.
Electrical engineering: Educational and methodological complex. /AND. M. Kogol, G. P. Dubovitsky, V. N. Borodyanko, V. S. Gun, N. V. Klinachev, V. V. Krymsky, A. Ya. Ergard, V. A. Yakovlev; Edited by N.V. Klinachev. - Chelyabinsk, 2006-2008.
Electrical systems, vol. 3 - Energy transmission by alternating and direct current of high voltage, M., 1972.
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Generation of electrical energy Electric current is generated in generators-devices that convert energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. The predominant role in our time is played by electromechanical induction alternating current generators. There mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Electric current is generated in generators-devices that convert energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. The predominant role in our time is played by electromechanical induction alternating current generators. There mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The generator consists of A generator consists of a permanent magnet that creates a magnetic field and a winding in which an alternating emf is induced. a permanent magnet that creates a magnetic field, and a winding in which an alternating emf is induced.
Transformers TRANSFORMER is a device that converts alternating current of one voltage into alternating current of another voltage at a constant frequency. In the simplest case, the transformer consists of a closed steel core, on which two coils with wire windings are placed. The one of the windings that is connected to an alternating voltage source is called primary, and the one to which the “load” is connected, i.e., devices that consume electricity, is called secondary. The operation of a transformer is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Electrical energy production Electricity is produced at large and small power plants mainly using electromechanical induction generators. There are several types of power plants: thermal, hydroelectric and nuclear power plants. NPP GESTThermal power plants
Use of electricity The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of the electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction. Almost all villages and villages receive electricity from state power plants for industrial and domestic needs. About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electrical heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.).
Electricity transmission Energy transmission is associated with noticeable losses: electric current heats the wires of power lines. If the line length is very long, energy transmission may become economically unprofitable. Since current power is proportional to the product of current and voltage, to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. That's why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. They increase the voltage in the line by the same amount as they decrease the current. To directly use electricity, step-down transformers are installed at the ends of the line. Step-up transformer Step-down transformer Step-down transformer Step-down transformer To consumer Generator 11 kV 110 kV 35 kV 6 kV Transmission line Transmission line Transmission line 35 kV 6 kV 220 V
Efficient use of electricity The demand for electricity is constantly increasing. There are two ways to satisfy this need. The most natural and at first glance the only way is the construction of new powerful power plants. But thermal power plants consume non-renewable natural resources, and also cause great damage to the ecological balance on our planet. Advanced technologies make it possible to meet energy needs in a different way. Priority should be given to increasing energy efficiency rather than increasing power plant capacity.
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