Cytokines and inflammation. Cytokines and inflammation Cytokines and inflammation Journal Impact Factor

Cytokines are a special type of proteins that can be generated in the body by immune cells and cells in other organs. The bulk of these cells can be generated by leukocytes.

With the help of cytokines, the body can transmit various information between its cells. Such a substance enters the cell surface and can contact other receptors, transmitting a signal.

These elements are formed and released quickly. Different tissues can be involved in their creation. Cytokines can also have certain effects on other cells. They can both enhance each other's effect and reduce it.

Such a substance can manifest its activity even when its concentration in the body is small. The cytokine can also influence the formation of various pathologies in the body. With the help of them, doctors carry out various methods of examining the patient, in particular, in oncology and infectious diseases.

The cytokine makes it possible to accurately diagnose cancer, and therefore is often used in oncology to make a residual diagnosis. Such a substance can independently develop and multiply in the body without affecting its functioning. With the help of these elements, any examination of the patient, including oncology, is facilitated.

They play an important role in the body and have many functions. In general, the job of cytokines is to transmit information from cell to cell and ensure their coordinated work. So, for example, they can:

• Regulate immune responses.
• Take part in autoimmune reactions.
• Regulate inflammation processes.
• Take part in allergic processes.
• Determine the lifespan of cells.
• Participate in blood flow.
• Coordinate the reactions of body systems when exposed to stimuli.
• Provide a level of toxic effects on the cell.
• Maintain homeostasis.

Doctors have found that cytokines can take part not only in the immune process. They also participate in:

1. The normal course of various functions.
2. The process of fertilization.
3. Humoral immunity.
4. Recovery processes.

Classification of cytokines

Today scientists know more than two hundred types of these elements. But new species are constantly being discovered. Therefore, to improve the process of understanding this system, doctors came up with a classification for them. This:

• Regulating inflammatory processes.
• Cells that regulate immunity.
• Regulating humoral immunity.

Also, cytokine classification determines the presence of certain subtypes in each class. To get a more accurate understanding of them, you need to look at the information on the Internet.

Inflammation and cytokines

When inflammation begins in the body, it begins to produce cytokines. They can influence cells that are nearby and transmit information between them. Also among the cytokines you can find those that prevent the development of inflammation. They can cause effects that are similar to the manifestation of chronic pathologies.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Lymphocytes and tissues can produce such bodies. Cytokines themselves and certain pathogens of infectious diseases can stimulate production. With a large release of such bodies, local inflammation occurs. With the help of certain receptors, other cells can also be involved in the inflammatory process. They all begin to produce cytokines as well.

The main inflammatory cytokines include TNF-alpha and IL-1. They can stick to the walls of blood vessels, penetrate into the blood and then spread throughout the body. Such elements can synthesize cells that are produced by lymphocytes and influence foci of inflammation, providing protection.

Also, TNF-alpha and IL-1 can stimulate the functioning of various systems and cause about 40 other active processes in the body. In this case, the effect of cytokines can be on all types of tissues and organs.

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

Anti-inflammatory cytokines can control the above cytokines. They can not only neutralize the effects of the former, but also synthesize proteins.

When the inflammation process occurs, the amount of these cytokines is an important point. The complexity of the pathology, its duration and symptoms largely depend on the balance. It is with the help of anti-inflammatory cytokines that blood clotting is improved, enzymes are produced and tissue scarring occurs.

Immunity and cytokines

In the immune system, each cell has its own important role that they perform. Through certain reactions, cytokines can control cell interactions. They enable them to exchange important information.

The peculiarity of cytokines is that they have the ability to transmit complex signals between cells and suppress or activate most processes in the body. With the help of cytokines, the interaction between the immune system and others occurs.

When the connection is broken, the cells die. This is how complex pathologies manifest themselves in the body. The outcome of the disease largely depends on whether cytokines in the process can establish communication between cells and prevent the pathogen from entering the body.

When the body’s protective reaction is not enough to resist the pathology, cytokines begin to activate other organs and systems that help the body fight the infection.

When cytokines exert their influence on the central nervous system, all human reactions change, hormones and proteins are synthesized. But such changes are not always random. They are either required for protection, or switch the body to fight pathology.

Analyzes

Determining cytokines in the body requires complex testing at the molecular level. With the help of such a test, a specialist can identify polymorphic genes, predict the appearance and course of a particular disease, develop a prevention scheme for diseases, etc. All this is done purely on an individual basis.

A polymorphic gene can be found in only 10% of the planet's population. In such people, increased immune activity can be noted during operations or infectious diseases, as well as other effects on tissue.

When testing such individuals, keeper cells are often detected in the body. Which can cause suppuration after the above procedures or septic disorders. Also, increased immune activity in certain cases in life can interfere with a person.

To pass the test you do not need to prepare specifically for it. To carry out the analysis, you will need to take part of the mucous membrane from your mouth.

Pregnancy

Research has shown that pregnant women today may have an increased tendency to form blood clots. This can cause miscarriage or infection of the fetus.

When a gene begins to mutate in the mother’s body during pregnancy, this causes the death of the child in 100% of cases. In this case, to prevent the manifestation of this pathology, it will be necessary to first examine the father.

It is these tests that help predict the course of pregnancy and take measures if certain pathologies are possible. If the risk of pathology is high, then the process of conception may be postponed to another date, during which the father or mother of the unborn child must undergo complex treatment.

Abstract

Cytokines are a family of polypeptide molecules, that are produced by tissue cells and regulate embryogenesis, some normal physiological functions, defense reactions to pathogens, and several pathological processes including immunopathology, carcinogenesis, heart and vascular pathology, etc. Different experiments led to the conclusion that in case of hyperproduction cytokines instead of defense factors can become the mediators of pathology. During infections elevated cytokine synthesis followed with tissue inflammation depends on the pathogen associated molecular patterns binding to the pattern recognition of innate immunity receptors. In non-infectious diseases like autoimmune, allergic, and other immunopathologic conditions cytokines also induce tissue inflammatory changes. In autoinflammatory diseases including metabolic syndrome elevated cytokine synthesis is due to endogenous danger molecules binding to pattern recognition receptors. In both cases cytokines can induce tissue and organ changes with the following development of the human disease clinical symptoms. Scientific studies in this field led to the so-called cytokine theory of diseases, according to which cytokines are the main reason for pathological development. Due to this theory there are two principal variants of cytokine usage in clinical practice: cytokine therapy when recombinant cytokines are used to cure cytokine deficiency or their changed balance; and anticytokine therapy for inhibition of hyper produced endogenous cytokines.

A S Simbirtsev

Email: [email protected]
St.-Petersburg

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