What documents are needed to become a farmer? Where to start farming? Are hired workers needed?

Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming are irrelevant. But think about it: every day on store shelves we see the products of small private farms. In rural conditions, it is sometimes easier to earn money than in the city. By combining different types of agricultural production, you can get by with relatively low costs.

How to become a farmer? This business is not limited to simply raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. It's a whole system. It implies the presence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition, there is a well-thought-out system for regulating expenses and income.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, a business always starts with an idea - regardless of the scale. Anyone who has decided to open their own farm must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. On a farmstead you can engage in both crop production and livestock farming. The main thing is to think through everything correctly and create a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and raising animals will be required. Before becoming a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual areas. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops is strictly contraindicated near areas where cattle are kept.

Having decided where to start farming, you will need to think about the material and monetary resources that the future business will require. Everything should be provided for - from initial financial investments to the arrangement of premises for keeping animals, the organization of the farm territory, the purchase of feed and fertilizers. In addition, future farming will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of individual entrepreneurs.

Farming: types of activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and leather. In addition, no one will prohibit combining raising animals, crop farming, fish farming or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require care of the proper quality and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a little closer look at exactly what directions can take place for an individual entrepreneur in a peasant farm.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand on the market and costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because if you take this area seriously, with good care you can get up to 30 piglets from one sow within a year. Each adult pig is about 200 kilos of meat and lard.

For breeding, piglets are usually purchased at one month of age. They are less susceptible to disease and adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (pig sty) should be kept clean, insulated in winter and be sure to be equipped with vents. Crowding is contraindicated for animals. They are fed according to a schedule, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

The food is greens (in large quantities), meat and dairy products and special feed for pigs. One pig can be purchased for an amount from 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and area of livestock production. You can breed pigs by starting with purchasing a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In summer they are all able to feed on grass. For the winter they will need good quality soft hay. For feeding, horses are given oats, and cows are given mixed feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat milk is higher, since it is considered a delicacy.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for their meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding both goats and sheep is one of the most popular and profitable types of business in agriculture.

Rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of enclosures, cages, pits or sheds. The choice of premises for keeping is a personal matter for the farmer. However, certain conditions must be adhered to:

Protect animals from direct sunlight and drafts.
Provide adequate feeding.
Don't forget about timely vaccination.
Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
Remember the optimal temperature regime.

The diet for rabbits combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables in season with concentrated dry food. Hay and grass are quite suitable for feeding them.

Fish farming

These days this business is one of the most profitable. But doing it requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investment. Agricultural enterprises such as fisheries are most often set up on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be of different types. It depends on the volume of production and preferred types. Due to the need for a large area to construct a pond, the costs of this business may be prohibitive for a beginning farmer.

Who can you most often meet in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without feeding. Bran, cake, and mixed feed are used as it.

Starting around May, the fish are fed on “feeding tables”, which are heavy square-shaped wooden trays measuring approximately 50 x 50 cm. Each hectare of pond will require at least four of these “feeding tables” for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from an apiary can be quite good. In addition, bees pollinate fruit plants. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The location for the apiary is selected based on the principle of being deserted and remote from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install hives with 12-24 frames, as well as an omshanik (winter hive). The beekeeper can buy hives or make them himself. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in bee packages and in full families.

Poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or quite exotic for our area. We are talking about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowl, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to start poultry farming? The most unpretentious option is the usual raising of chickens. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. There is somewhat less demand for ducks, geese and turkeys, but their cost is several times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowl, pheasants and peacocks, then know that this is quite an expensive activity, and you will most likely have to sell them to private buyers or restaurants.

To raise poultry, you will need to acquire an incubator, special winter-insulated enclosures, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers purchase couples for divorce, or a certain number of young offspring, which are subsequently raised. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

To feed young chicks you will need cereals, boiled eggs, greens, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is almost the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mixture.

Growing plants

Crop farming has always been and remains one of the current areas of rural business. After all, vegetables, fruits and berries are an irreplaceable component in the diet of any person. In addition, it is quite possible to grow flowers in farm conditions. The flower business has high profitability (from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. With them you can rent land, purchase cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, which must maintain a constant microclimate and have well-fertilized soil.

Returning to the cultivation of herbs and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for farming is very diverse. Unpretentious species, such as potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not require any special conditions. If you plan to grow greens, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, you cannot do without greenhouses during the cold season.

Their construction, along with renting land, will require quite serious investments. The cost of seeds will be relatively small. In addition, in subsequent years you will provide them for yourself. The payback period for vegetable growing is quite fast. Already this year you can get your first serious harvest. If you can’t decide where to start farming, vegetable growing may be the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are bred in a special room where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. You will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles on truffle seedlings. Much cheaper you can buy a base for growing champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to grow strawberries, you cannot do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown in open ground. Such a business will require starting capital of about 100,000 rubles. Add another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown according to a different principle. Seedlings are purchased for it and the site is prepared. It is practiced in the summer season; in the winter, the bushes are buried in order to protect them from frost.

Cherries, sea buckthorn or apples are grown in specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings and a special film for covering for the winter. You will expect a harvest from young trees next year at best. The fruit and berry business is profitable at a level of about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

Where to start farming legally? Every business needs registration, and agricultural is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist of paying the state fee, notarizing the corresponding application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the Federal Tax Service. Next, you should wait for the finished documents to be issued, go through the registration procedure with the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat containing statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

Rent of a land plot can be arranged before the legal registration procedure. The rental application is submitted to the local administration. After the case is reviewed, you will receive information about where the proposed site is located. You will need to call representatives of the land management organization there. They will conduct land surveying and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is registered in the cadastral register and a corresponding passport is issued.

After this, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a decision on the transfer of the site. In addition, registration of the lease agreement will be required.

The state will help us

In recent years, helping young farmers has been a priority for the state. Now it is easy to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can range from one to four million rubles. It may be intended specifically for the creation of a farm or have a lump sum payment for a household device.

This money is purposefully given to a beginning farmer to rent or purchase land, develop a project, purchase the necessary equipment, carry out the required utilities, as well as purchase materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can claim such a payment?

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms whose registration period is less than 24 months. In this case, it is necessary to have education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that needs to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of expenses with prices. The amount of your own funds that will need to be invested in this case must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The recipient is required to create three or more jobs and spend the funds issued within 12 months from the date of issue.

Grants are issued based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of their future business. Such support can be considered an excellent way to solve the problem of initial capital investment. If payment is refused, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a farm loan. In addition, various government subsidy options are possible.

Summing up

Modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the same as the idea of which is firmly rooted in the heads of many (a hard and dirty job, low-income and thankless). These days, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in raising animals and plants. It is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the desired microclimate in premises for breeding birds and livestock. Most operations can be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm work.

Financial support from the state is especially important in the current crisis. It allows farmers to develop their business. In addition, due to the widespread development of a network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, as a rule, there are no problems with the sale of finished products.

Under a targeted state program, you can receive a subsidy for the development of a farm in the amount of 1 to 4 million rubles. It is valid until 2020, thousands of family farms and start-up entrepreneurs have already received grants.

Any individual entrepreneur and organization can be engaged in the production, processing and sale of agricultural products. However, special conditions and special forms of management are provided for the agricultural sector. How to become a farmer, what kind of enterprise to create in order to receive development subsidies, tax breaks, cheap loans? To make an informed choice, you need to pay attention to such points as:

methods of organizing peasant farming (peasant farms);
taxation, social payments to extra-budgetary funds;
beneficial state support programs for agricultural producers.

Features of peasant farms: which form is better to choose

It should be noted right away that the legal status of peasant farms is characterized by duality. Since 1990, they have been created in the form of legal entities, and since 1994 - as individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity. In 2003, Law No. 74-FZ “On Peasant (Farming) Farming” was adopted, where it is defined as a family-related association of citizens by agreement. However, since 2012, such a voluntary entity has the right to create a legal entity - peasant farm enterprise-legal entity.

Thus, there are now officially three types of farms. To organize them, the following conditions must be met:

engaging in the production of agricultural products, as well as their processing, storage, transportation and sale;
personal participation in the activities of the farm, regardless of the presence (absence) of family relationships.

How are they different from each other?

Individual entrepreneur registered by the head of the peasant farm and acting alone.

In accordance with the law, a peasant farm can be organized by one person. In this case, he is not much different from other entrepreneurs, but gains the benefits of his special status. Registration of individual entrepreneurs is carried out as usual. Simultaneously with the submission of the general package of required documents, two applications are filled out at once: N P21001 and N P21002 - for peasant farms. An entrepreneur can work alone on the farm, or hire employees as an employer.

Peasant farm based on an agreement (without forming a legal entity).

Such a farm is created as a contractual association of persons related by family relations or kinship. There can be no more than 5 outsiders. The property is in common joint or shared ownership, this is stated in the agreement. The elected head of the peasant farm, who must have the status of an individual entrepreneur, is also indicated there. He makes all transactions on behalf of the farm and is its official representative in all authorities. In order for all participants to be registered as members of the farm, an agreement is submitted to the Federal Tax Service.

Anyone who voluntarily leaves the farm loses the right to land and tools of production. He receives only monetary compensation commensurate with his share in the common property, and for 2 years after exit he bears subsidiary liability for common debts within the limits of his share. In fact, this form differs from an individual farm in more complex property relationships and the need to pay insurance premiums for each participant.

Peasant farms as an organizational and legal form of a legal entity (Article 86.1 of the Civil Code).

In this case, a commercial organization is formed on the basis of membership - a corporate legal entity. The presence of family ties is not mandatory, but all other conditions must be met:

the company operates in the agricultural sector;
Only a member of a peasant farm can be a participant in the organization;
each partner must make a property contribution;
all partners are required to take personal part in the work.

The owner of the property is the peasant farm. However, unlike, for example, an LLC, the law provides for subsidiary liability of its members for the obligations of the farm, and not limited by size. There is one more feature. A commercial organization can participate in any transactions, become bankrupt or be liquidated. But there is a rule for a plot of land: it can be sold at public auction only to someone who will continue to use it for agricultural production.

These restrictions make the “legal entity” inferior. Peasant farm-legal entity is more like a simple partnership, but in the latter all participants have the status of individual entrepreneurs. The only plus is that family relationships are not required. In practice, this condition is met only for old organizations formed before 1994. Now, it is first required to create a peasant farm under an agreement, after which it acquires the right to register as a legal entity. Such a farming business has more restrictions than ordinary entrepreneurship.

Right problem. The law does not contain provisions allowing for the forced exclusion of a member of a peasant farm from participation, as is permitted for other commercial organizations. Therefore, it is impossible to get rid of a partner who does not fulfill his duties or has caused losses to the farm. He can leave the farm only of his own free will (Article 1, No. 74-FZ). This applies to both a voluntary association by agreement and a legal entity.

Taxation of agricultural producers and benefits

Any enterprise engaged in the agricultural complex, including farming, has the right. It is paid at the rate of 6% (income minus expenses), and is additionally beneficial in that losses due to crop loss can be included in expenses. Such payers are exempt from taxes on profits, personal income tax (NDFL), property taxes, and VAT. Benefits do not apply to income taxed at a rate of 30% and customs goods. However, peasant farms have the right to apply any other taxation system: general (OSNO) or simplified taxation (USN), if they consider it more suitable.

As for contributions to pensions and health insurance (PFR, FFOMS), no exceptions are allowed. The head pays for himself, as an individual entrepreneur, and for members of the peasant farm, although they do not have such status. The only relief is a fixed amount, regardless of income. So, if the agreement was signed by 5 people, then the amount increases 5 times. For employees, all taxes and social contributions are paid as usual, depending on the size of the salary. When one of the members of a peasant farm is registered as an individual entrepreneur, for example, to engage in another type of activity, the head of the farm must still pay insurance premiums for him.

Not only a farmer, but also an ordinary entrepreneur working on a common system can receive government subsidies to reimburse part of the costs of paying for seeds, electricity, and equipment. However, heads of peasant farms do not pay taxes on them, and individual entrepreneurs are taxed at a general rate of 13% for all income received, including material benefits (Letter of the Ministry of Finance N 03-04-05/34876 dated 08/26/2013).

Participation in state support programs for peasant farms

Within the framework of the “State Program for the Development of Agriculture... for 2013-2020”

11 subroutines. They provide a variety of forms of support: preferential lending, coverage of losses, costs of land registration, purchase of equipment, gasification, restoration of irrigation systems, and so on. Their implementation is carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Association of Peasant Farmers (AKKOR). Detailed information can be found on the official websites.

Each region approves its own action plan and develops its own target program, which is approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Conditions for participation in competitions for grants and subsidies are published on the websites of local administrations. Applicants must submit a business plan for the development of the farm; selection is made directly in the region (Fig. 1). For example, let's look at three of them.

1 “Support for beginning farmers for the period 2012-2014”

In 2013, 76 regions participated in it, 2 billion rubles were allocated for it, and almost 3,000 farmers received grants. For 2015, an amount of 3.2 billion rubles was allocated, 3,500 beginning entrepreneurs received money, the average amount per farm was 1.14 million rubles.

2 “Development of family livestock farms.”

70 federal subjects take part in this subprogram. 797 farms were built and reconstructed using 1.5 billion rubles of state budget funds. The competition for participation reached 30 applications per place. In 2015, 3.08 billion rubles were allocated and 958 farms received them. The average grant amount was 4.35 million rubles per farm.

3 “Support for small businesses.”

Under this program of the year, subsidies are allocated not only to peasant farms, but also to other representatives of the agricultural complex: entrepreneurs, agricultural cooperatives.

You can get money:

for the construction (reconstruction, modernization) of industrial buildings, workshops;
equipment of laboratories for conducting veterinary examinations and quality control of agricultural products;
equipping and modernizing premises for slaughter, processing, storage of meat, fish, milk, vegetables;
purchase of special transport: cars, vans, trailers for transporting goods, including leasing.

In 2015, 88 agricultural cooperatives from 25 regions received such support for a total amount of about 1 billion rubles. Of these: 34 are engaged in processing meat products, 33 - milk and dairy products, 21 - vegetables and berries.

Recently, changes were made to the requirements for selecting participants:

Entrepreneurs with only 6 months of experience (for 3 years) are allowed to receive a grant for a beginning farmer;
the period for using subsidies has been extended to 18 months (from 12), for livestock farms - to 24 months (from 18);
a beginning farmer, 3 years after the allocated funds have been fully spent, can receive money for a family farm;
It is prohibited to allocate subsidies for the development of livestock farming if the head of a peasant farm was previously the founder of a commercial organization;
To receive a grant, there must be no delay in paying insurance premiums, as well as penalties and fines.

Conclusions

You can organize a farm as a business in the form of a peasant farm if you draw up a good business plan and show persistence by submitting applications for participation in federal and regional targeted programs. Also, nothing prevents you from engaging in agriculture by creating an LLC or individual entrepreneur. Especially if you count on the money of private investors - in the absence of restrictions in terms of personal participation, nepotism, and subsidiary liability. The state provides support to farmers by law, promotes their creation and development. Let us remind you that in all other cases, entrepreneurship is carried out at your own peril and risk.

Suppose you have dreamed since childhood of becoming a farmer, growing natural products not only for yourself, but also for the benefit of society, while earning money. From dawn to dusk, you will roll up your sleeves and work in the soil, ready for hard physical work, challenging tasks and financial difficulties. And with the current political situation in the country, no one will stop you from selling your expensive suit and tie and using the proceeds to buy a straw hat and a pair of strong boots.

Our congratulations. The world needs you.

According to the latest statistics, there are more bus drivers in Russia than agricultural workers. But think about it, what will happen faster, the bus driver will want to eat or the farmer will want to buy a bus ticket?

Food ranks first on the list of basic human needs, on the same level as oxygen and sleep. The planet needs nutritious and healthy food, so here and now we need real superheroes who will grow this food.

Therefore, if you really consider agriculture as your business and career, write down 9 simple rules that will definitely help you at the beginning of your chosen noble path. Of course, this is not a panacea for all future difficulties, but it will set you on the right path to economic and agricultural sustainability.

1. Don't get into debt!

Why is this point number one and why with an exclamation point? Because over the past 50 years, financial debt has crippled more farms than drought and plague.
A huge number of farmers sold their farms under the hammer, unable to withstand financial difficulties.

In short, loans and other types of bank loans will certainly allow you to buy a new tractor, a barn, a new piece of land where you will work, gaining invaluable experience. And experience and only experience is the most valuable asset of agriculture, and it cannot be bought for any money.

Experience doesn't come with a degree in agriculture, and you won't get it by reading even a ton of useful and smart books. A farmer's job is filled with uncertainty, surprises, daily challenges and physical labor.

Adding monthly payments on top of that daunting list puts people in financial handcuffs right from the start.
Of course, there are times when you have to choose between two evils. Try to live within your means and not confuse necessities with objects of desire. Avoid debt relationships as much as possible.

2. Let failure happen.

It was assumed that the purpose of the article was to help you avoid this very failure. In light of this, the second rule looks ridiculous, but...

Our entire modern world is obsessed with the paranoid idea of the inevitability of failure. There are people who are so unsure of their abilities that the fear of failure paralyzes them, and they simply do not start anything new, because they obviously “know” that all this is not worth the effort, because by definition it has the status of doom.

Catch the feed: working in agriculture, you will definitely encounter a failed state of affairs, sooner or later. In addition, this painful and unpleasant experience will become a very important part in gaining invaluable experience and level-up, and will show you what is good for your work and which roads need to be avoided in the future. Stress will make you mentally stronger and more tempered. Fail gracefully and thoughtfully. This is the only way to feel and enjoy success to the fullest when a truck with gingerbread overturns on your farm.

3. Study the market in advance

Decide what you plan to do, because the field of activity is so huge that you can easily get lost without a specific plan of action developed in advance.
Do you want to raise cattle, grow watermelons, or open your own sauerkraut shop? Or perhaps you decide to sell wool to local knitters. How far away from potential buyers will your lands be located, what will happen if no one buys your product, or, on the contrary, buys up absolutely everything?

Before you plant the first seed that will grow into the future wool sock magnate, or the first sauerkraut dealer in the area, you will need to spend a lot of time figuring out what you are going to sell, in what quantities and to whom. Create a backup plan B in case something goes wrong. It is necessary to prepare in advance all possible ways, if not retreat, then solutions to emerging problems. Prepare a solid marketing plan in advance.

4. Explore the land

It all depends on what region of the country you are going to start your farming business in.
The Altai region is a traditional producer of grain, milk, meat; sugar beets, sunflowers, oil flax, long flax, hops, rapeseed and soybeans are also grown here. Also in the Arkhangelsk region, emphasis is placed on the development of livestock farming.

The Krasnodar region stands out as the most important agricultural region of the country. Almost everything is grown here.
Therefore, consider the option of moving; the further south your farm is located, the better.

5. Grow your “passion”

Everyone knows that farming is hard work. So do yourself a favor and grow what you love. This will be a job that brings you not only money, but also pleasure. Unfortunately, when making most decisions we rely on the financial or traditional aspect, we do what is profitable or expected, but not what we really want and love to do.
Plant blueberries, peaches or apple trees if you have always been greedy for these fruits or berries. And let the first harvest become both a reward and the first income in your future million.

6. Set reasonable goals

“Let’s say I won’t be able to feed all the nearby towns and villages until I get comfortable in the local market and get back on my feet a little.”

“Let’s say there won’t be a million in my pocket during the first time of my hard work. And until all my bills and possible debts are paid.”

“Let’s say I won’t expand my business until what I have brings in a stable, regular income.”

In light of such an agricultural topic, it is not a sin to include a saying that succinctly characterizes this point. “Take it with you so you don’t fall when walking!” And even if you are crazy, you simply physically cannot embrace the immensity.

7. Forget what others say

There will always be those who will not accept your way of life and thinking. Be it close friends, or fellow farmers, if you suddenly decide to dramatically change your lifestyle, or decide to introduce some innovative idea into your work. Always. Take it for granted. And just do your job.

8. Have a sense of humor

Every day someone dies on the farm. Here you are walking, admiring the dawn and how your rye is earing from the breath of fresh wind, and in the next frame, you are gutting mother goose for pate.

You need to get used to this: taking the life of a living creature, even for food, is not easy. You should always maintain a sense of humor. A sense of self-control. And courage.

9. Read. Ask questions

Be prepared for the fact that you will have to sift through a huge number of books. And even if you are in the fourth generation, and therefore moved closer to nature, be prepared to ask for advice from a more knowledgeable and experienced person.

Last but not least, be generous with your knowledge, especially with those people who will, sooner or later, want to learn something from you.

Even if it’s small, your own business is an excellent alternative to hired work. However, often, even with such a desire, people are afraid to open their own business because they see only obstacles, primarily in relation to financial investments. We will help you figure out whether it is so difficult to organize a farm from scratch, what is required for this and how to do it with minimal costs.

Where to start

First, you will need a business plan that will outline all the costs, profitability and profitability. You should not ignore this stage, because if you do not think through everything from the beginning, all sorts of unpleasant surprises will arise during the work, which is extremely undesirable.

Starting capital– how much money you will need, and where you will get it; in other words, it will be your own money or credit.
Place– To run a farm you need a plot, and not a small one. It’s great if you already have one, but if not, you should calculate how much it will cost to buy or rent.
Expenses for purchasing animals or planting material– here, depending on the type of proposed activity, write down how much animals, birds, seeds or seedlings cost.
Outbuildings– sheds and utility rooms will be needed in any case, both when breeding animals and when growing plants. At this point, we calculate how much it will cost to build a greenhouse, barn, chicken coop, apiary or pond, depending on what you plan to do.
Purchase of specialized equipment– here it is important to calculate everything down to the smallest detail: equipment, equipment, etc.
Salary to employees– in most cases you will need qualified assistants, and the cost of maintaining them must also be taken into account.
Utility costs and taxes– we set down the cost of electricity, water and everything that will be used, and also do not forget that a considerable part of the profit will go to taxes, which should also be calculated in advance.
Advertising– will entail certain expenses and promotion of the product. This could be printing flyers, advertising on local radio, TV and newspapers, or placing posters on billboards.
Sales– before producing anything, you need to understand where and how to implement it. Therefore, at this point, write down where the products will be sold and what costs this will entail. For example, this could be renting a point in the market or “going on the shelf” in a supermarket.
Profit– after calculating all the expenses, you will be able to display the estimated income and the time it will take for the farm to become profitable.

Did you know? There are more than 2,000,000 farms in the United States, 97% of which are family businesses.

Types of farms

Now you need to decide on the direction in which you would like to work. And it’s worth noting that there are a lot of them. Therefore, let's look at the most popular types of farming.

Breeding chickens, ducks, geese or turkeys does not require large financial investments, but is very profitable. This also does not require too large a plot and expensive equipment. Caring for poultry is much easier than, for example, pigs, and the profit even from a small farm is very attractive.

When raising chickens, you get not only meat, but also eggs, which is also a significant advantage. The disadvantages of this type of farming include greater competition in the market.

Livestock

Raising cows, goats, sheep and other animals can also provide excellent income. This type of activity involves several directions.

Animals can be kept for the following purposes:

production of milk and dairy products;
production of meat products;
tanning of hides;
sales of young animals.

This business can generate a lot of income if organized correctly. The main disadvantage is the high costs at the initial stage, despite the fact that the payback will not come so quickly. It must be taken into account that keeping such animals in any case requires a large area and the presence of barns; Experience in similar work is also desirable.

Did you know? Small-scale farmers produce 70% of the world's food.

Setting up an apiary does not require large investments, so this direction looks very attractive. At the initial stage, all you need is a plot, hives and a bee colony. It is necessary to take into account that beekeeping requires certain knowledge and skills, without which it will not be possible to choose the right place or create optimal conditions for the bees to bring honey.
But if you delve into this issue and regularly learn from the experience of professional beekeepers by visiting exhibitions and fairs, you can acquire all the necessary skills and organize a successful business. Please note: at the end you get several beekeeping products that sell well - honey, wax, propolis.

To organize the process you will need a pond and larvae or fry. Such a business can be built with minimal investment, and it does not depend on weather conditions and has virtually no other risks. Beginners are recommended to breed fish that quickly gain weight and are in demand on the market - this includes carp and trout. Carp is perfect for these purposes, since the fry are cheap, easy to care for, and the grown fish sells well and pays off with interest.

Trout is more capricious in care and requires knowledge and skills for its breeding, but at the same time it pleases with its high cost at the end, and therefore large profits. The disadvantages of fish farming include the fact that the number of fish in a reservoir cannot be controlled. Therefore, you need to hire only trusted personnel whom you trust, otherwise there is a possibility that you may be deceived.

Pig farming

Raising pigs is considered very profitable, but requires large financial investments and is very labor-intensive.

For a pig farm to generate income, it is necessary to maintain a livestock of at least 100 pigs. And they need to be fed, provided with vitamins and cared for. Accordingly, in addition to a large plot and outbuildings, hired workers, preferably specialists, will be required.

There are often no problems with selling pork - it sells well and is not cheap, so such a business has a relatively quick payback, followed by a stable income.

An excellent option for organizing a farm from scratch is raising rabbits. With minimal costs at the initial stage, the business brings high and stable income. The advantages of this type of activity include the following:

cheap feed, especially in summer;
rabbits are very fertile;
dietary meat is very popular;
competition in the market is minimal.

The disadvantages of breeding these fur-bearing animals are considered to be high requirements for sanitary standards, high mortality of young animals, and also the fact that such a business will pay off no earlier than in 3 years.

Important! Rabbit skins can be donated to clothing factories and ateliers, which will become another source of income in addition to the sale of meat.

Growing plants

Another niche for organizing your own business is growing plants. This business, of course, has its pros and cons, but with the right approach and organization of the process you can make great money. Financial investments can be minimal - for example, if you grow crops in open ground - or they can be quite large if the construction and maintenance of greenhouses is required. Let's look at the most popular destinations.

Setting up a mushroom business requires minimal costs. Mushrooms can grow in basements, barns, abandoned houses and so on - accordingly, there is no need to invest money in construction. You just need to find a suitable building, install heating and light, and install ventilation. And also - purchase substrate and mushroom mycelium. Most often, the familiar oyster mushrooms and champignons are grown for sale.
Caring for mushrooms is minimal and not labor-intensive - you just need to maintain a constant temperature and humidity, as well as harvest in a timely manner. The demand for such products is quite high, so sales problems rarely arise.

Fruits, berries

The year-round demand for berries and fruits makes their cultivation very attractive for entrepreneurs. It can be carried out seasonally in open ground, or all year round, but in the presence of a greenhouse. Of course, equipment for a greenhouse requires a large investment, but its advantage is that you can collect and sell at least 2 crops per year.

Our country is characterized by a situation where a fairly large part of the population
works on the ground. That’s why farming plays a fairly important role in the Russian economy and the life of the population. For families who are thinking about becoming a farmer, the state has been actively supporting them over the past few decades. Peasant labor is currently welcomed. Anyone can solve the question of how to become a farmer from scratch if he wants and loves to work on the land. But you need to figure out exactly how to do it effectively.

Is it profitable to be a farmer?

The Federal Law adopted back in 1997 became an impetus for the development of farming in the Russian Federation. It was preceded by the Federal Program, which also concerned the same area as in Russia. Thanks to the existence of such developments, the relevant departments were able to develop a number of programs aimed at fully supporting entrepreneurs who are ready to open their own business in this direction. An American farmer, for example, will act differently.

We have fully created conditions for the formation of young peasant farms; there are systems of preferential taxation and lending. The state is showing an active interest in moving subsidiary farming to the level of a farmer organization.

Most often, one family covers its needs with small plots of land; its members do not think about how to become a farmer. But it often happens that it is on the basis of personal plots that entire farms grow. Within the framework of one agricultural enterprise, persons who are not members of the same family can unite. It is enough to conclude the appropriate type of agreement related to joint activities. Any American farmer can do this too.

Where to start the business itself?

The scope of activity of the future enterprise is the first issue that must be resolved from the very beginning. Peasant farms engaged in work in several directions at once operate most stably, as practice shows. But quite serious capital investments are required in order to open such an enterprise from scratch. So beginners are still advised to stop at one thing first.

For example, those who are thinking about how to become a farmer can purchase an apiary, engage in horse breeding, raise cattle, grow vegetables and fruits, raise geese, chickens or ducks. When the level of solvency increases, you can already switch your attention to other areas and expand your own organization.

About the available options

A family consisting of two or three people is quite capable of organizing a peasant farm on a small scale. In 2003, a separate law was adopted, thanks to which the development of agriculture in Russia received a new impetus. Persons with Russian citizenship who have reached the age of majority have every right to receive their own land plot. True, to start a farming business, you need to receive specialized education or have at least some work experience. Land can be purchased as property or leased under an agreement.

What documents to submit, where to go?

Self-government bodies usually deal with the distribution of land. Local residents most often have certain advantages for obtaining land. But even in this case, there is no need to despair if a person is already interested in how to become a farmer. Such a desire is always welcome.

A whole package of documents must be submitted to the local enterprise registration authorities in order for the peasant farm to be officially registered.

1. A receipt for payment of the state duty is required.

2. A copy of your marriage certificate will be required.

3. To confirm that the future farmer is an indigenous resident of the area where it is planned to open a farm, he will need to present a copy of his birth certificate.

4. The business organizer confirms his identity with a photocopy of the relevant document.

5. If there are several participants in the farming enterprise, they must enter into an agreement on joint activities and have it certified.

6. The head of the farm separately fills out and certifies the application for registration; for this, form P21002 is used.

Only if all the above stages are completed in full, a person will not only decide the question of how to become a farmer from scratch, but will also become an applicant for participation in government programs responsible for additional financing of such farms.

What about the initial investment?

After the collective farms disintegrated, many lands in the villages became empty. So the government is interested in active work in this area. Abandoned sites where the infrastructure needs to be restored would be the best choice. Such a site definitely requires less investment than creating a new enterprise from scratch completely.

In this case, pay attention to the ground near traffic intersections and populated areas. True, the environmental component of the land where the plot is purchased also becomes an important point. What does it take to become a farmer? Research the cost of plots in the area of interest. Depending on the degree of desolation and location, it can range from 50 to 500 thousand per hectare.

What's next?

The number of livestock and poultry is the next problem that faces the head of any farm. 500-800 heads is the minimum that is recommended by all experts to begin with. In the direction of crop production, it is necessary to carry out calculations depending on the available plot for the number of required crops.

In agriculture, it is imperative to use modern technologies in order to increase productivity and take less time to make a profit. Appropriate equipment will be required in premises where animals and birds are kept. In addition, additional costs will be required to ensure that animals are vaccinated on time. Feeding conditions must also be fully observed. Investments in equipment used to cultivate the land become necessary.

Where can I get support?

Any beginning farmer can contact the appropriate credit institutions. A program for such assistance exists in almost every bank. It is quite easy to find a list of organizations participating in federal programs for the development of peasant farms and their support.

It is important to present a well-written business plan and a description of the funds that are already available. If a positive decision is made, then there is a great chance to receive a loan under a preferential program for up to five years. Payments will begin only a year after receiving the amount, and interest rates will be reduced.

What is important to know when purchasing equipment?

If the farm is a livestock farm, then, as mentioned earlier, not only feed, but also the purchase of appropriate equipment for keeping animals will become a rather expensive expense item. Costs can reach up to two to three million rubles a year if the farm is large enough. You'll have to ask your neighboring farmers to find organizations that sell the necessary equipment.

An important fact: Russian farmers can spend up to several months on purchases. After all, after the equipment has been purchased, you will still need to properly install and arrange it. In addition, do not forget about the layout of the room. After all, every farmer has a variety of types of areas at his disposal. It is imperative to resolve the issue of poultry cages and animal pens. Devices for removing manure and garbage, feeders are installed here.

About some requirements

At any time of the year, the temperature inside the room where animals are kept must remain at an acceptable level. If we are talking about a cold period, then the permissible minimum of 17 degrees should not be lowered. A gas heating system becomes an excellent assistant for solving this problem. Although other solutions are available on the market for creating a comfortable microclimate and maintaining it. decreases if there are drafts, egg production suffers especially from this. At the same time, we must not forget about ventilation. It must be regular. Uniform lighting is also a must.

Conclusion

Farming in Russia is attractive because there are many areas of activity in this field. So everyone can choose for themselves what interests them most and suits their interests. That is why more and more entrepreneurs are paying attention to this area.

In addition, it is a cost-effective and profitable activity in terms of business.

Of course, you cannot do without certain initial investments, but almost any business requires them. Each type of activity has its own characteristics and requirements, even at the initial stage of work. There is always an opportunity to save money if you do at least part of the work processes yourself; it’s not difficult at all. After all, many costs are associated with the payment of wages. At least from the start, this approach will allow you to collect more income. And then gradually it will be possible to develop further.

The main thing is to choose a direction only after a thorough analysis of the market, which will allow you to figure out which products are in greater demand now.