Characteristics of the economic indicators of the organization (enterprise)

The organization's production program is characterized by a large number of economic indicators. They make it possible to plan, control, analyze the economic situation of the organization and make the right decisions. management decisions.

Economic indicators are calculated values ​​that characterize the operating conditions and results of an enterprise.

In the course of its activities, an organization constantly has to deal with a system of indicators that can be classified according to the following criteria:

I. Quantitative and qualitative:

· quantitative indicators of the plan are expressed absolute values. For example, the volume of commercial, sold, gross output; number of employees, wage fund; amount of profit; the amount of costs of various production resources: metal, fuel;

· quality indicators are relative values. They express the economic efficiency of production and its individual factors. These include those that express the relationship between quantitative indicators. For example, labor productivity, production profitability, capital productivity, working capital turnover ratio.

II. According to the indicators, indicators are divided into natural, cost and labor.

Natural indicators are used in the planning and accounting practice of all organizations and are used to quantitatively characterize manufactured and sold products in their material content.

The use of a particular meter depends on physical properties meter (kg, t, m, m 2, m 3, pcs., pairs of shoes, etc.).

There are industries where the use of one natural indicator is not enough to fully characterize the product, and in these cases double indicators of product measurement are used. For example, the production of paper and synthetic films is estimated in tons and m 2; production of pipes - tons and linear meters; fabric - linear meters and m2.

Conditionally natural units are used in cases where types of products that are identical in purpose have different consumer costs (for example, coal has different calorie content) or the manufactured products (machines, mechanisms) are not the same in power and productivity. For example, tractors have different engine power. In this case, one of the homogeneous products is taken as a conventional unit, and all others are equated to it according to one of the criteria: tractors in 15-horsepower terms.

The nomenclature and range of products are the main natural indicators of the enterprise’s production program.

Product range - This is a systematic list of products in physical terms. The nomenclature has three levels of detail:

1) consolidated nomenclature of products (works, services);

2) group nomenclature;

3) specified (detailed) nomenclature by type, group, position and type.

Product range - quantitative ratio individual species products by brand, grade, profile, size, model, article number, etc. This is the most detailed classification of products within one name.

Cost indicators (rubles) are the universal equivalent and the most universal meter in the conditions of commodity-money relations, used in the planning and accounting activities of organizations. With their help, they determine the dynamics, proportions and pace of development of the enterprise, interconnect all sections of the plan, plan sales volumes, product and gross output, enterprise costs, etc.

Labor indicators are used to determine the number of employees, production standards, labor productivity, and wages. For example: standard hour, man-day, machine-hour, rub./person, pcs./person.

III. According to their functional and substantive purpose, planned, estimated and calculation-analytical indicators are distinguished.

Planned indicators are set for the coming period and are binding. To substantiate the planned indicators, evaluation and calculation and analytical indicators are used, which are developed by the enterprise itself.

Estimated indicators are generalizing, with their help:

At the preparatory stage of plan development, an independent objective assessment of the real state of the object is made and options and projects are selected. For example, when introducing a new product, there is a selection new technology and technology; selection of consumers of products and suppliers of raw materials; determination of professional qualifications of the enterprise personnel, etc.;

During and after the implementation of the plan, they evaluate the actual results achieved and compared with design and planned indicators.

Calculation and analytical indicators play an intermediate role. As a rule, additional calculations are carried out on elements of objects that influence the final results as a whole and are aimed at confirming the choice and evaluation of the results of a given plan option. For example, when planning to increase labor productivity, the following elements will be considered: personnel qualifications and their labor discipline, time and production standards have been revised; quality composition and loading of equipment; product quality dependent on quality source material, tools; reasons for downtime, etc.

The organization of internal production planning and accounting should be based on a reliable regulatory framework - these are norms and standards for the consumption of all resources.

The most important planning tool is a system of norms and regulations

Norms and standards are characteristics of the production process and its results for fixed periods. From the beginning of the production process, organizations begin to consume material, labor and financial resources, which must be in place in the required quantity. Due to untimely delivery of any resource, the production process and, accordingly, delivery deadlines will be disrupted finished products under contracts, as a result of which you will have to pay penalties - fines to consumers. When there is a surplus of a particular resource, reserves turn into inactive “frozen” capital, which could be used in other necessary purposes organization, in the worst case, excess materials and equipment will remain unclaimed and turn into so-called illiquid assets - direct losses of the enterprise.

In this regard, enterprises must balance the needs and reserves of resources in the long term through rationing.

Rationing - This is a method of developing and establishing limiting norms and standards for all consumed resources of an organization necessary to ensure the process of production and marketing of products.

Norm - this is the maximum permissible (maximum or minimum) amount of expenditure of any resource per unit of production.

The standard is measured in natural, cost or labor indicators and can be set per unit of production, or for a given amount of work, or for a specified period of time. For example, for the production of a women's blouse the following standards have been established: fabric - 2.25 m2, buttons - 10 pcs., labor intensity of production - 2.5 standard hours, cost of the blouse - 900 rubles.

Standard (from lat. pogtaIo - ordering) - universal, widespread norm.

The standard is established and expressed:

In coefficients (equipment utilization coefficient, metal utilization coefficient, etc.). For example, weight finished product 8.5 kg, and the weight of the workpiece is 10 kg, the metal utilization factor will be 8.5 / 10 = 0.85, i.e. the plan sets a standard of 0.85 for metal use, and the standard for waste will be 0.15;

In percentage. For example, the percentage of fat in milk, alcohol in wine; use of metal - 85%;

The total amount. For example, the working capital standard.

Norms and standards at enterprises are established for all types of resources used:

Raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products;

Energy resources: electricity, fuel, steam, compressed air, hot, cold water;

Spare parts for repair of machinery and equipment;

Tools, devices, including lighting and heating devices;

Production and auxiliary machines and equipment;

Production and service areas;

Labor force;

Cash, etc.

The quality and validity of rules and regulations largely depend on the methods used to develop them. The following standardization methods exist.

Calculation and analytical method. Element-by-element calculations are performed based on documentation (design, technological, technical and production), combining technical and economic calculations with analysis of technology and production organization, product quality. This method standardization is aimed at increasing the technical level and organization of production, modernizing products, improving their quality and competitiveness.

The experimental method is the creation of standards based on observations, measurements, experiments, and research conducted in production and laboratory conditions. These standards reflect the actually achieved level of technical equipment and production organization, but do not take into account the introduction of new equipment and technology in the planning period, advanced methods of production organization. The experimental method is used where it is not possible to use the calculation and analytical method.

The reporting and statistical method is the analysis of statistical, accounting and operational-production reporting data on the actual costs of labor and material resources for past periods. This method has the same disadvantages as the experimental method, but is the most accessible for use due to the relatively low labor intensity of development and accessibility in planning.

The combined method is the simultaneous use of the listed methods.

Norms and standards must be revised in connection with changes in the technological process, material characteristics, and changes in the nomenclature and range of products.

1.1. Goals and objectives of analyzing the economic results of an enterprise.

One of the main requirements for the functioning of enterprises and their associations in conditions market economy are the break-even of economic and other activities, reimbursement of expenses with own income and ensuring profitability and profitability of business in certain amounts. The main task of the enterprise is economic activity aimed at generating profit to satisfy the social and economic interests of members labor collective and interests of the owner of the enterprise property. The main indicators characterizing the results of commercial activities of trading enterprises are turnover, gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.

The purpose of analyzing volumetric performance indicators is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for income growth, profit, increasing profitability while improving the quality of customer service. In the process of analysis, the degree of implementation of plans for turnover, income, costs, profit, profitability is checked, their dynamics are studied, the influence of factors on the results is determined and measured. commercial activities enterprises, identify and mobilize reserves for their growth, especially forecast ones. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also to study the economic feasibility and efficiency of the distribution and use of profits.

To achieve these goals trading enterprises must solve the following problems:

Evaluate the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;

In cases of unprofitable work, the reasons for such management are identified and ways out of the current situation are determined;

They consider income based on their comparison with expenses and identify profit from sales;

They study trends in income changes by main product groups and in general from trading activities;

They determine what part of the income is used to reimburse distribution costs, taxes and generate profits;

Calculate the deviation of the amount of balance sheet profit in comparison with the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;

Explore various indicators profitability for the reporting period and over time;

Identify reserves for increasing profits and increasing profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;

They study the areas of use of profits and evaluate whether financing is provided through own funds development economic activity.

In practice, external and internal analysis is used.

External analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited amount of information about the activities of enterprises. Purpose it is to assess the profitability of the enterprise, the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the company’s relations with shareholders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this company in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise’s activity; it contains aggregated data, mainly about their financial activities, and because of this, it has the ability to smooth out and veil the negative phenomena that take place in the activities of enterprises.

Therefore, external consumers of analytical material try, whenever possible, to obtain additional information about the activities of enterprises beyond what is published by them.

Highest value in assessing performance results and determining measures to increase profits and improve profitability internal analysis. It is based on the use of the entire complex of economic information, primary documents and analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting. The analyst has the opportunity to realistically assess the state of affairs at the enterprise. He can obtain reliable information about the pricing policy enterprise and its income, about the formation of profit from sales, about the structure of distribution costs and other expenses, to assess the position of the enterprise on commodity markets, about gross (balance sheet) profit, etc.

It is internal analysis that allows us to study the mechanism by which an enterprise achieves maximum profit. This type of analysis plays a decisive role in developing the most important issues of an enterprise’s competitive policy, which are used in assessing the implementation of assigned tasks and for developing development programs for the future.

This type analysis related to the study of trends that have developed in the past is called retrospective, and those aimed at studying the future are called prospective.

An integrated approach to the study of the final results of commercial activities allows you to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities, promotes the choice best options actions in the future.

1.2. Basic economic indicators activity of the enterprise

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:

Economic effect;

Performance indicators;

Capital payback period;

Liquidity;

Break-even point of farming.

Economic effect- this is an absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.) characterizing the result of the enterprise’s activities. The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of an activity manufacturing enterprise, is profit. Profit is what it is made for entrepreneurial activity. The procedure for generating profit:

Profit P r from sales of products (sales) is the difference between sales revenue (V r), the costs of production and sales of products (full cost of Z pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes (ACC):

P r = V r - Z pr - VAT - ACC.

Profit from other sales (P pr) is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, and intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between revenue from sales (V pr) and the costs of this sale (Z r):

P pr = V pr - Z r.

Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D vn) and expenses for non-operating transactions(R in):

P in = D in - P in.

Income from non-operating operations is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income on bonds and other securities, income from the rental of property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products.

Expenses on non-sales operations are the costs of production that did not produce products.

Balance sheet profit: P b = P r + P pr + P int.

Net profit: Pch = Pb - deductible.

Retained earnings: Pnr = Pch -DV - percent.

Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Fig. 3.8.

Rice. 1.1. Profit distribution

A reserve fund is created by an enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Contributions to the reserve fund are made in accordance with the current regulations.

The accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of fixed and working capital. The size of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's capabilities for development and expansion.

The consumption fund is intended to carry out activities for social development And material incentives company personnel. The consumption fund consists of two parts: the public consumption fund and the personal consumption fund, the relationship between which largely depends on the state structure, historically established national traditions and other political factors. In terms of its natural and material content, the consumption fund is embodied in consumer goods and services . According to the method of education and socio-economic forms of use, the consumption fund is divided into: fund wages and income, public consumption fund, maintenance fund public organizations and management apparatus. The progress of society is usually accompanied by an increase in real wages and incomes, an improvement in the quality of consumer goods and services, the rapid development of durable consumer goods and cultural and household goods, and means of developing the non-productive sphere. However, the growth of the consumption fund has objective limits; its excessive growth will inevitably lead to an unjustified reduction in the accumulation fund, which will undermine the material foundations of expanded reproduction and economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for an optimal combination of the consumption fund and the accumulation fund in order to ensure both high and sustainable rates of economic growth and an increase in living standards, real income and consumption of the people.

Economic indicators characterize the state of the economy, as well as its various objects and processes occurring within it at three times. In themselves they represent one of the most popular today and - more importantly - effective tools, allowing you to determine the state of the economy of a particular company or country.

The composition and structure into which economic indicators are divided are one of the most important objects of study of science, and at the same time represent its substantive element. This system includes a set of systematized characteristics that are interconnected and determine the state of the economy as a whole.

Grouping

Economic indicators are quite ramified in their structure and are divided into groups in accordance with a number of characteristics.

In accordance with the division of the relevant science into micro- and macroeconomics, generalized macroeconomic indicators are mainly distinguished, by which the economy as a whole is determined, as well as its various large parts and spheres. There are also microeconomic indicators that mainly relate to economics various enterprises, firms, corporations and all kinds of companies.

What does the structure include?

According to their structure, economic indicators differ in:

• absolute (which is quite often called quantitative);
• volumetric;
• relative (also called qualitative).

Absolute and volumetric indicators are expressed in monetary or natural units, that is, weight, pieces, length, volume or, for example, a certain currency.

At the same time, the relative economic indicators of an enterprise’s activity are the ratio of two indicators that have the same or different dimensions.

In the first case, dimensionless characteristics are considered, which indicate mainly the rate of change of a certain economic quantity or ratio, as well as the proportions of economic homogeneous quantities, which are subsequently obtained by comparing them and measured in percentage or fractional calculation.

In the second case, we are talking about dimensional indicators, according to which it is characterized overall speed changes in a given value over time, as well as the efficiency of using various resources and the sensitivity of the value in question in relation to a specific factor causing its changes. For example, the performance indicator of automobile engines can be measured in accordance with the mass of gasoline consumed per kilometer of travel, while the return on invested capital indicator can be measured in accordance with the total number of products produced per each ruble invested.

What are they?

In the aggregate of relative economic indicators, by which the dynamics of various processes are determined, the indicators of growth and growth rates differ. Each of these types has its own characteristics.

Growth indicators

Economic indicators of an enterprise's activity, which determine the rate of growth, represent the ratio of the established amount of an economic product that was produced or consumed in a given time period to the amount that was produced or consumed in the previous period. In the vast majority of cases, it is customary to consider a quarterly, monthly, annual period, or simply certain dates. If during the studied time period there are no changes in the volume of the product, then this indicates that the growth rate is 1 or 100%, and any deviations already indicate a positive or negative change in this value.

Indicators of economic growth determine how the state of the economy changes, as a result of which they can also be called indicators of the state or change of the economy. Quite often, a group of such relative characteristics, which is used in compiled statistics, is formed through indices. The index itself represents the ratio of a certain parameter at a given moment to its basic value recorded at a certain time, taken as the basis. In other words, indicators of economic growth take into account the index in order to characterize the relative value of a certain parameter in comparison with the base (starting) one, which allows us to understand how this value has changed over a specified time period.

Growth rates

Incremental indicators economic efficiency indicate an increase in the quantity of a product sold, produced or consumed over a certain period of time to the quantity that is characteristic of the base period. If during a given period of time (for example, during a year) no changes in the volume of production are observed, then this indicates that the growth rate is zero, and any deviations already indicate the positive or negative nature of this characteristic.

By analogy with how speed indicators of economic efficiency are measured, in this case the measurement is carried out as a percentage or in shares. Based on physical analogies, they can be called “indicators of economic acceleration.”

Groups

Basic economic indicators are divided into a number of different groups depending on their definition, the location of their numerical values, and also what exactly they are used to solve.

Knowledge of calculation-analytical or simply calculation indicators is established through calculations based on certain mathematical dependencies and economic-mathematical models, and this definition carried out using certain methods. Calculated and analytical basic economic indicators can often be used as initial ones in the process of determining planned or forecast parameters, as well as the effectiveness of implemented socio-economic programs.

Values ​​specific to statistical, reporting or reporting-statistical indicators are based on financial statements companies, as well as collecting and processing various statistical information, observations and sample surveys.

Standard technical and economic indicators in the majority of cases are established by management bodies, but they can also represent norms for the expenditure of resources that are allocated for the production of a unit of a certain product, as well as the consumption of various products or the performance of work. Indicators in the form of standards and norms also make it possible to determine accepted, specified ratios and proportions, including the rate of accumulation, profit, savings, taxation or remuneration.

Also, technical and economic indicators often intersect with scientific and technical indicators, indicating various achievements of science and technology.

In addition, socioeconomic averages are also used, which represent the average of a broad set of values. At the same time, you need to correctly understand that the average economic indicator does not necessarily have to represent the arithmetic mean of a group of homogeneous characteristics, as is often believed by people who are only familiar with economics from afar, as well as with modern mathematical and economic statistics.

Where are they used?

Composition that characterizes the indicators economic development companies is continuously updated and supplemented, and the available methods for its determination are improved. The most widespread use of economic indicators today is found in planning, forecasting, management and analysis. The success of managing the economy, various economic objects and processes depends quite strongly on the range of indicators used, as well as the degree of completeness with which they can characterize the managed procedures. In addition, it also depends on how correctly and accurately the determination and analysis of economic indicators was carried out.

Formation system

Analysis of a company's economic activity is a detailed study of various economic indicators that can characterize various aspects of its work. In this case, various financial and economic indicators are grouped into a specific system in accordance with certain criteria. Thus, the system, which reflects the state of the company’s operation, is a set of interrelated values ​​that allows us to fully characterize the property and financial position of the company, as well as determine its activities and results obtained.

Species

The economic indicators of an enterprise differ in two types: cost and natural. This division is carried out depending on what specific meters were used in the process of calculating these parameters.

Cost indicators today are the most common type, as they allow us to generalize a variety of economic phenomena. For example, if a company in the process of its work prefers to use various types of materials and raw materials, then in this case, in order to determine the generalized amounts of receipts and expenditures, as well as to understand the balance of these items of labor, it is necessary to use systemic economic indicators of activity.

Natural indicators can be called primary, while cost indicators are secondary, since the calculation of the latter can only be carried out on the basis of the former. At the same time, there is a certain number of economic phenomena that can be expressed exclusively in cost terms, and in particular, this applies to distribution costs, the cost of various products, profit and many others.

In addition to natural parameters expressing a specific amount material assets in natural units of measurement, the calculation of economic indicators is also carried out on the basis of conditionally natural indicators. With their help, you can summarize the volume of various types of similar products that are manufactured by a given organization. For example, in the canning industry, all manufactured products can simply be expressed in conventional cans, and such a can, which differs in certain sizes and capacity, will be considered as a conventional unit, and any other similar product, even of different sizes, will ultimately be converted into such a conventional jar. This is how the total volume of goods is expressed in so-called conditionally natural indicators.

There is also a division into quantitative and qualitative, depending on which aspect of economic processes, phenomena and operations will be measured in the specific case under consideration.

Among other things, economic indicators are divided into two types - specific and volumetric, depending on the reduction.

Thus, for example, sales volume, output, profit and cost of goods are volumetric indicators that characterize the volume of a certain economic phenomenon. At the same time, volumetric indicators are primary in this case, while specific indicators are secondary. The calculation of specific indicators is carried out on the basis of volumetric ones and, for example, the cost price and the final cost of products are volumetric characteristics, while the ratio of one indicator to the second, that is, the cost of each ruble commercial products, will already be called specific indicators.

How is the activity of the enterprise reflected?

The division of economic indicators is carried out in accordance with those areas of the company’s activity that are characterized by them. For example, there are parameters that determine the profitability, profitability or profitability of a particular company. In this case, the main indicator that will indicate the profitability of the organization is the ratio of its received net profit over a certain period of time to the average amount of established capital.

The profitability of an organization is determined as the ratio of profits received from a certain production activities, to the sales revenue that was extracted during the same period.

Profitability indicators in this case relative values profit. It is worth noting that there is a whole system of such parameters, and in particular, return on assets is quite important in this case. There are other indicators available, but they generally represent a variety of ratios of profit to capital invested or to production costs.

Enough important indicator, which allows us to characterize financial condition company is the turnover of working capital. If we talk about the most important parameters of turnover, then in this case we will already consider the duration of one revolution, expressed in days, as well as the total number of revolutions over a certain period.

An increase in the turnover rate of working capital indicates that financial side the company is strengthened, and the efficiency of use of funds increases and business activity intensifies.

Economic indicators of the enterprise's activity include quite a few individual components. indicators of the enterprise's performance is carried out in order to obtain data on the level of development of the enterprise and its effectiveness. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn about possible ways to improve the operation of the enterprise and increase its efficiency.

First of all, they include liquidity ratios, showing the company’s ability to pay for short-term payments.

The economic indicators of the activity of an enterprise in this category are divided into indicators of current, urgent liquidity and working net capital.

Current liquidity shows the result of the ratio of the company's working capital to the total volume short-term liabilities.

Quick liquidity is calculated as the ratio of highly liquid working capital to general obligations short-term enterprises. Such assets include accounts receivable, financial investments, cash.

Working net capital is equal to the difference between all assets and short-term liabilities.

In addition to liquidity ratios, economic indicators of the enterprise’s activities include turnover ratios ( business activity) , which reflect how efficiently the enterprise's assets are used. These indicators include inventory turnover, accounts receivable, accounts payable, assets and fixed assets.

1.1. Goals and objectives of analyzing the economic results of an enterprise.

One of the main requirements for the functioning of enterprises and their associations in a market economy is the break-even of economic and other activities, reimbursement of expenses with their own income and ensuring a certain level of profitability and economic profitability. The main task of the enterprise is economic activity aimed at generating profit to satisfy the social and economic interests of members of the workforce and the interests of the owner of the enterprise's property. The main indicators characterizing the results of commercial activities of trading enterprises are turnover, gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.

The purpose of analyzing volumetric performance indicators is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for income growth, profit, increasing profitability while improving the quality of customer service. In the process of analysis, the degree of implementation of plans for turnover, income, costs, profits, profitability is checked, their dynamics are studied, the influence of factors on the results of commercial activities of enterprises is determined, and reserves for their growth, especially forecast ones, are identified and mobilized. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also to study the economic feasibility and efficiency of the distribution and use of profits.

To achieve these goals, trading enterprises must solve the following problems:

Evaluate the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;

In cases of unprofitable work, the reasons for such management are identified and ways out of the current situation are determined;

They consider income based on their comparison with expenses and identify profit from sales;

Study trends in income changes in the main product groups and in general from trading activities;

They determine what part of the income is used to reimburse distribution costs, taxes and generate profits;

Calculate the deviation of the amount of balance sheet profit in comparison with the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;

Examine various profitability indicators for the reporting period and over time;

Identify reserves for increasing profits and increasing profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;

They study the areas of use of profits and evaluate whether financing is provided from their own funds for the development of economic activities.

In practice, external and internal analysis is used.

External analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited amount of information about the activities of enterprises. Purpose it is to assess the profitability of the enterprise, the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the company’s relations with shareholders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this company in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise’s activities; it contains aggregated data, mainly about their financial activities, and therefore has the ability to smooth out and veil the negative phenomena that occur in the activities of enterprises.

Therefore, external consumers of analytical material try, whenever possible, to obtain additional information about the activities of enterprises beyond what is published by them.

The greatest importance in assessing performance results and determining measures to increase profits and improve profitability is internal analysis. It is based on the use of the entire complex of economic information, primary documents and analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting data. The analyst has the opportunity to realistically assess the state of affairs at the enterprise. He can obtain from the primary source reliable information about the pricing policy of the enterprise and its income, about the formation of profit from sales, about the structure of distribution costs and other expenses, to assess the position of the enterprise in commodity markets, about gross (balance sheet) profit, etc.

It is internal analysis that allows us to study the mechanism by which an enterprise achieves maximum profit. This type of analysis plays a decisive role in developing the most important issues of an enterprise’s competitive policy, which are used in assessing the implementation of assigned tasks and for developing development programs for the future.

This type of analysis, associated with the study of trends that have developed in the past, is called retrospective, and aimed at studying the future - prospective.

An integrated approach to studying the final results of commercial activities allows one to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities and contributes to the selection of the best options for action in the future.

1.2. Main economic indicators of the enterprise's activity

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:

Economic effect;

Performance indicators;

Capital payback period;

Liquidity;

Break-even point of farming.

Economic effect- this is an absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.) characterizing the result of the enterprise’s activities. The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of the activities of a manufacturing enterprise is profit. Profit is what entrepreneurial activity is carried out for. The procedure for generating profit:

Profit P r from sales of products (sales) is the difference between sales revenue (V r), the costs of production and sales of products (full cost of Z pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes (ACC):

P r = V r - Z pr - VAT - ACC.

Profit from other sales (P pr) is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, and intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between revenue from sales (V pr) and the costs of this sale (Z r):

P pr = V pr - Z r.

Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D inn) and expenses on non-operating operations (R in):

P in = D in - P in.

Income from non-operating transactions is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income from bonds and other securities, income from the rental of property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products .

Expenses on non-sales operations are the costs of production that did not produce products.

Balance sheet profit: P b = P r + P pr + P int.

Net profit: Pch = Pb - deductible.

Retained earnings: Pnr = Pch -DV - percent.

Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Fig. 3.8.

Rice. 1.1. Profit distribution

A reserve fund is created by an enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Contributions to the reserve fund are made in accordance with current regulations.

The accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of fixed and working capital. The size of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's capabilities for development and expansion.

The consumption fund is intended to carry out activities for social development and material incentives for the company’s personnel. The consumption fund consists of two parts: the public consumption fund and the personal consumption fund, the relationship between which largely depends on the state structure, historically established national traditions and other political factors. In terms of its natural and material content, the consumption fund is embodied in consumer goods and services . According to the method of education and socio-economic forms of use, the consumption fund is divided into: the wage and income fund, the public consumption fund, the fund for the maintenance of public organizations and management apparatus. The progress of society is usually accompanied by an increase in real wages and incomes, an improvement in the quality of consumer goods and services, the rapid development of durable consumer goods and cultural and household goods, and means of developing the non-productive sphere. However, the growth of the consumption fund has objective limits; its excessive growth will inevitably lead to an unjustified reduction in the accumulation fund, which will undermine the material foundations of expanded reproduction and economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for an optimal combination of the consumption fund and the accumulation fund in order to ensure both high and sustainable rates of economic growth and an increase in the standard of living, real income and consumption of the people.

Limited indicators economic effect is that they cannot be used to draw a conclusion about the quality level of resource use and the level of profitability of the enterprise.

Economic efficiency- This relative indicator, commensurating the effect obtained with the costs that determined this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:

Some of these indicators were considered. For example, these are capital productivity indicators and the working capital turnover ratio, which characterize, respectively, the efficiency of using fixed assets and working capital.

The degree of profitability of an enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. Profitability comprehensively reflects the degree of efficiency in the use of material, labor and monetary resources, as well as natural resources. The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of profit to the assets, resources or flows that form it. It can be expressed both in profit per unit of invested funds, and in the profit carried by each monetary unit received. The following main indicators can be distinguished:

A) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P r) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):

b) profitability of core activities(R od) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:

where P r.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;

Z pr.v.p - costs of production and sales of manufactured products;

V) return on assets(Ra) - the ratio of book profit to the total of the average balance (K avg). This indicator characterizes how effectively the basic and working capital enterprises. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions, business partners, etc.:

G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) - the ratio of book profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):

d) return on equity(R s.k) - the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity capital (K s.s):

This indicator characterizes how much profit each ruble invested by the owner of the capital gives;

e) capital payback period(T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).

This parameter shows how many years will it take to pay off the investment in this enterprise funds under constant conditions of production and financial activity. Such a multifaceted description of production and economic processes can be classified into the main areas that provide further growth profitability taking into account external economic or internal production factors influencing its value. The first group includes:

Natural changes leading to an unforeseen decline in the supply of raw materials, disruption of transportation, destruction or damage to significant parts of the production complex;

Regulation market prices at the level public administration, the introduction of new interest rates, tariffs for the provision of energy resources, penalties, etc.

Such factors arise regardless of the company’s activities and cannot be taken into account in advance, showing a significant impact already at the stage of their appearance. The degree to which a company’s profitability increases will greatly depend on its specialization; for example, an increase in the price of sugar will increase the profitability of agricultural and processing enterprises, while at the same time worsening this indicator for confectionery enterprises.

The second group of factors influencing the profitability of an enterprise includes the following subtypes:

Extensive production factors;

Intensive production factors; - non-production internal factors.

Extensive development of the company implies an increase in gross turnover by attracting additional labor force, temporary work fund for personnel and equipment, use of a larger volume advance funds without increasing the relative efficiency of individual production and trading operations.

Intensification of economic intra-production processes means improving the quality of the final product, strengthening measures to promote services or products on the market through the work of the marketing department, reducing energy costs per unit of product or the ratio of time spent on providing a service to the total temporary fund, optimizing the use of advanced funds and accelerating resource productivity, which in most cases contributes to increased profitability.

Timely identification of reserve or additional sources of attracting investments and their competent distribution among promising directions– modernization of equipment, application of new marketing methods, timely response to changes in demand and the introduction of new attractive items in the company’s assortment will certainly increase the final margin of trading operations, thereby increasing profitability. Careful planning remains important production cycle to eliminate loss of time and take into account non-production factors, including social protection of workers and the environment.

Liquidity– the ability of assets to be quickly sold at a price close to the market. Liquidity is the ability to convert into money.

Typically, a distinction is made between highly liquid, low liquid and illiquid values ​​(assets). The easier and faster you can get the full value of an asset, the more liquid it is. For a product, liquidity will correspond to the speed of its sale at the nominal price.

In the Russian balance sheet, the company's assets are arranged in descending order of liquidity. They can be divided into the following groups:

A1. Highly liquid assets (cash and short-term financial investments)

A2. Quickly realizable assets (short-term receivables, i.e. debt for which payments are expected within 12 months after the reporting date)

A3. Slowly moving assets (accounts receivable, payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date, as well as other current assets not mentioned above);

A4. Hard to sell assets (all non-current assets)

Balance sheet liabilities according to the degree of increasing maturity of obligations are grouped as follows:

P1. The most urgent obligations (raised funds, which include current accounts payable to suppliers and contractors, personnel, budget, etc.)

P2. Medium-term liabilities (short-term loans and borrowings, reserves for future expenses, other short-term liabilities)

P3. Long-term liabilities (section IV of the balance sheet "Long-term liabilities")

P4. Constant liabilities ( equity organization).

To determine the liquidity of the balance sheet, you should compare the results for each group of assets and liabilities. He considers ideal liquidity to be one in which the following conditions are met:

Break-even point for farming. The concept of breaking even can be expressed as a simple question: how many units of output must be sold to recover the costs incurred.

Accordingly, prices for products are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and obtain a premium sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.

As soon as the number of units of production (Q cr) is sold sufficient to compensate for the semi-fixed and semi-variable costs (full cost), each unit of production sold in excess of this will make a profit. Moreover, the amount of increase in this profit depends on the ratio of semi-fixed and semi-variable costs in the structure full cost.

Thus, as soon as the volume of units sold reaches a minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the company makes a profit, which begins to grow faster than this volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decline in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales volumes.