Importance of transport in the supply chain. Supply Chain Transportation Supply Chain Transportation Management

Currently, transportation plays a huge role in the transportation (movement) of goods and the management of goods flows in logistics. All logistic transportation operations are carried out in order to ensure the delivery of the required products of the required quantity and quality at a given time and with optimal costs. The importance of transportation in logistics is quite large. According to various estimates, transportation costs account for 20 to 70% of total logistics costs and can reach up to 300% of the cost of production for various industries and companies.

It is very important in this section to consider in more detail the tasks of transport companies and the principles of organizing the transportation of goods.

The main tasks transport companies when organizing the transportation of goods are:

1. Full satisfaction of customers' needs in road transport.

2. Providing a high level of customer service.

3. Implementation of existing transportation plans.

4. Efficient use of vehicles, increasing labor productivity, minimizing transportation costs.

5. Systematic profit making.

The transportation organization system should ensure the implementation of the following principles:

Coordination of the work of all departments and employees of the transport company;

Optimal organization of movement;

Delivery of goods as soon as possible;

Effective use of the rolling stock of vehicles;

Traffic safety;

Transport profitability.

When organizing the transportation of specific goods by road transport enterprises, a number of activities are carried out:

1. A transportation route and a route diagram with an indication of hazardous areas are drawn up. The permissible length of automobile routes is determined on the basis of compliance with the standards of working time of drivers established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the calculated standards of speed of movement and transportation technology.

2. The type and brand of vehicles is selected depending on the type of transportation (without violating the capacity standards), taking into account road and weather and climatic conditions. During transportation, the weight and volume of the cargo must not exceed the maximum capacity of the vehicle specified in the technical characteristics of the vehicle of this brand.

3. Traffic schedules are developed - based on the determination of the optimal values ​​of the speed of movement of vehicles on the route and its individual sections between stopping points, taking into account the observance of the work and rest regimes of drivers, regulated by the current regulatory documents. Each driver must be provided with a schedule of movement on the route with a list of places for stops on the way for lunch, rest and overnight, a route diagram indicating dangerous sections (in the case of long-haul flights.

4. Drivers of vehicles are instructed:

Features of the route;

On ensuring traffic safety;

On the rules for the transportation of certain types of cargo (dangerous, oversized, heavy, etc.)

5. A control time for the return of vehicles is assigned, after which measures will be taken to establish the location of vehicles.

6. Control over compliance with traffic schedules (timetables), vehicle capacity norms, traffic routes is organized. Control is exercised over the execution of flights provided for by the schedules and transportation plans, with the aim of further analyzing the causes of deviations that have arisen and adjusting the schedules and plans (for example, changes in travel time on the route, its sections).

Transportation should be considered as a logistic function associated with the movement of products by a certain vehicle or means, according to a certain technology in the supply chain and, in turn, including such logistic procedures as forwarding, packaging, cargo handling, transfer of ownership of goods, risk insurance, customs procedures etc.

In domestic practice, transport is the most important component, since it connects individual companies, enterprises, organizations at the regional and foreign economic levels. Transport plays a significant role in the production of material goods, while moving material resources and finished products from the sphere of production to the sphere of industrial consumption.

Transportation in the logistics system plays a double role: transport is the main component of the functional areas of logistics (distribution, purchasing, strategic), while transportation also plays the role of the most important sector of the economy in which entrepreneurial activity develops (economic function of transportation).

Rational transport support leads to a decrease in the cost of finished goods, which is especially important for resource-intensive industries when transporting products in large quantities. The interaction of enterprises is regulated by material flows, which undoubtedly requires transport support of high quality at optimal tariffs.

Considering regional commodity markets, we will especially highlight the role of vehicles as a tool to accelerate the turnover of material assets and reduce time costs when delivering products to the end consumer.

Formation of optimal transportation chains implies high-quality operation of the road transport complex. The condition of the roads of the entire transport infrastructure has a direct impact on the prices of finished products. Therefore, the transportation procedure requires adequate road capacity, their optimal level of technical equipment and also high quality service.

The transportation procedure in most countries today accounts for a significant share of the costs of the total range of logistics services, which justifies the need for increased attention to optimizing transport solutions in the field of logistics management. Conditions such as the formation of a market for transport services, tightening requirements for the quality and tariffs of transport services on the part of customers, increased competition between different modes of transport and companies are characteristic indicators of the functioning of transport enterprises in modern market conditions.

According to various estimates, transportation costs can range from 20% to 70% of total logistics costs. In fact, in the price of goods, the transport component varies, depending on the type of product: 2-3% for electronics, 5-6% for food, for machines and other equipment - 7-12%, for raw materials - 40-60%, 80 -85% for building materials and about 300% of the cost of production for various firms and industries.

Transportation in domestic logistics has developed such modern logistics technologies as door-to-door transportation, telecommunication systems for tracking and tracing cargo, information automated systems for planning road transport of goods, intermodal and terminal delivery systems.

Despite the rapid development of transport logistics in recent years, the analysis of the state of the transport and terminal-warehouse complex revealed such shortcomings of the domestic transport and logistics service as insufficient elaboration of the strategies for the functioning of the transport complex; low quality of logistics services; the complexity and imperfection of the procedures for document flow and customs operations and when registering the goods; a weak level of development of the production and technical base, information support of the logistics process during transportation; lack of a unified organized innovation and investment policy; low level of interaction of information communication between participants in the transportation process, terminals, warehouses and customs, other consumers of their services.

In the process of transportation, a large number of optimization problems are solved, such as the choice of cargo transportation: (unimodal, intermodal, mixed, combined), the choice of a carrier and logistics partners for transportation, transportation routing, distribution of transportation costs and determination of transportation tariffs.

There are also a number of problematic issues raised in the transportation process; compliance with the requirements of the time, the distribution system of products, the compliance of the capacity of cargo terminals with the needs in a certain region, measures that need to be taken to improve the technical and technological level of transportation, ways to renew the fleet with a high level of wear, measures to develop the production of containers and packaging, etc. ...

Transportation management at the level of logistics management includes such stages as:

• - choice of transportation method;
• - search for the type of transport, as well as its type
• - selection of a carrier and logistics intermediaries;
• - optimization of the parameters of the transport process.

The goal of the transportation strategy is to ensure the maximum efficiency of transportation operations in the given specific conditions.

Strategic, tactical and operational problems and tasks related to the management of logistics operations in supply chains are considered: the formation of cargo units, cargo transportation, loading and unloading of vehicles, warehousing and cargo handling, order picking for customers, shipment, consolidation and unbundling of cargo consignments, marking , sorting, management of order operations, registration of goods and transport documentation, customs clearance of import-export of goods, insurance of goods and liability of carriers (forwarders), information support of logistics operations. The emphasis is placed on the optimization of logistics solutions in transportation, warehousing and cargo handling, management of information flows accompanying logistics operations.

TRANSPORTATION IN SUPPLY CHAINS

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN LOGISTICS?

The characteristic features of the functioning of transport enterprises in a market economy are such objective circumstances as the formation of a market for transport services, increased competition between enterprises and various modes of transport, toughening requirements for tariffs and quality of transport services on the part of consumers. At the same time, the modern transportation practice from the point of view of logistics service can be briefly formulated as follows: "the right product of the required quality and quantity at a given time and with optimal costs." In almost all countries, a significant share of logistics costs is accounted for by the transport component, therefore, logistics management must pay increased attention to optimizing transportation solutions. According to various estimates, transportation costs make up from 20 to 70% of the total logistics costs, while the transport component in the price of goods is different, depending on the type of product: 2-3% for electronics, 5-6% for food, 7 -12% for machinery and equipment, 40-60% for raw materials, 80-85% for mineral construction materials and can reach up to 300% of the cost of production for various industries and companies.

Transport plays a special role in the formation and development of logistics in our country. Domestic transport and forwarding companies involved in international transportation of goods were the first to feel the need to introduce modern logistics technologies for transportation and cargo handling: inter-, multimodal and terminal systems for the transportation of goods, transportation technologies LT and "door-to-door", modern telecommunication systems for cargo transportation support, etc. Large Russian state and private transport and forwarding companies began to actively create terminal networks, distribution and logistics centers, information and computer support systems for logistics services. Nevertheless, the potential of logistics in the transport complex is not used sufficiently.

Analysis of the state of the transport and terminal-warehouse complex in most Russian regions revealed the following shortcomings of the transport and logistics service:

• insufficient study of marketing strategies for the functioning of the transport complex;
• low quality of logistics services that do not meet international standards;
• low level of development of the production and technical base, transport service infrastructure, information systems to support the logistics process during transportation;
• lack of a unified innovation and investment policy;
• the complexity and imperfection of the existing document flow systems and customs procedures for cargo clearance;
• low level of interaction and information communication between participants in the transportation process, terminals, warehouses, customs, other enterprises and consumers of their services;
• significant disunity of interests of partners in transport and logistics services;
• lack of a unified regulatory framework, modern laws in the field of transport logistics;
• lack of modern logistics technologies for transport and forwarding activities.

The modern concept of cargo transportation in our country has changed significantly with the development of market relations from an industry equated to industrial sectors of the economy to a service sector - transport service. Therefore, consumers of transport services choose such types of transport and transportation methods that would provide the best quality of logistics services.

Transport service in modern conditions includes not only the transportation of goods from supplier to consumer, but also a large number of forwarding, information and transaction operations, cargo handling services, insurance, security, etc. Therefore, we can say that transportation - is a logistics function associated with the movement of products by a certain vehicle or means, according to a certain technology in the supply chain and consisting, in turn, of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of ownership of goods, risk insurance, customs procedures, etc.

Transportation for most industrial and commercial enterprises is not a key competence, therefore, it is often outsourced to specialized companies - logistics intermediaries, the main of which in transportation are carriers and forwarders.

Educational settings:

know

systematic organization of cargo delivery in accordance with the principles and rules of logistics;

be able to

Route traffic flows;

own

Methods of transport and warehouse services in supply chains.

Key terms

Transport stream. Cargo delivery. Transportation in supply chains. Freight flow. Transport logistics system for the delivery of goods. Transport and distribution system. Transport and logistics management. Routing of traffic streams. Terminal. Transport corridor. Terminal transport and distribution center. Unified technological process of transportation.

Supply chain transport services

In the modern sense transport(from lat. trans - through and porto- carry, carry, transport) is a set of means designed to move goods and passengers in space.

From a logistic point of view, transport is a technical basis that ensures the movement of material and (or) material flows, coexists with them as traffic flow, performing in relation to them a service function (see paragraph 2.1). In this case, the traffic flow is formed by a set of vehicles that ensure the movement of goods and moving along transport routes.

The purpose of the transport service is to carry out the delivery of goods, i.e. ensure the availability of goods at the destination. According to the classification of processes in logistics (see paragraph 2.2) cargo delivery is considered as a complex technological process, including: preparation and delivery of goods and vehicles to the place of departure, transportation - transport process and accompanying cargo handling operations (loading, unloading, transshipment, storage), delivery of goods to the consignee.

Transport services for supply chains should be carried out on the principles of logistics, borrowed from their general composition, developed and supplemented in accordance with the specifics of the service, namely on the principles:

• optimality- transport processes should be carried out under all possible options only according to the most rational scenario, based on the selected criteria: the presence or absence of access roads and transport infrastructure, transportation distance, route complexity, etc .;
• reliability- transport processes must ensure compliance with the schedule of departure, movement, transshipment, arrival. The interaction of vehicles should be carried out in such a way as to avoid delays of some and idle time of other modes of transport. The probability of disruption of the movement of the material flow due to the fault of transport should be minimal;
• efficiency- the work of transport should be carried out in such a way as to fully satisfy the needs for transportation, i.e. movement of cargo in space, subject to the following conditions: maximum full load of vehicles in terms of carrying capacity and cargo capacity; increasing the utilization rate of mileage, ensuring loading for the return or next flight; reduction in overall transportation costs.

When implementing the principles of logistics, transport services must embody the rules of logistics - delivery of the right cargo to the right place and time, in the right quantity and of the appropriate quality, to the right consignee with optimal transport costs. This requirement applies to the entire process of delivery of goods and, first of all, to transportation.

Transportation as the main component of an integrated technological delivery process, it allows to overcome the spatio-temporal gap between the processes of generation and consumption of inventory items in logistics chains, ensuring the integration of logistics processes. The economic significance of this service function is proved by the fact that currently 20 to 80% of logistics costs are transportation costs. Their formation is determined by the degree of transportation participation in the creation of added value: "resource extraction - intra-industrial transport - mainline transport - supply warehouse - intra-industrial transport - production - intra-industrial transport - finished goods warehouse - intra-industrial transport - mainline transport - consumer's warehouse - transport - final consumption" ...

Transportation carried out in accordance with the principles and rules of logistics takes on the characteristics of transport logistics and requires the organization of transportation management. Transport logistics and transport and logistics management solve the problems of service provision of supply chains and service management in the following most general composition:

• development of optimal transport routes;
• selection of the necessary vehicles, based on the technical and economic features of their use;
• determination of the delivery method;
• selection of the type of cargo units;
• correct and clear execution of transport documentation in accordance with the requirements of international and national standards;
• transport risk management;
• ensuring the interaction of all subjects of the transportation process for the systematic and uninterrupted promotion of transport flows in the supply chains;
• traffic dispatching;
• organization of forwarding;
• control over the movement of vehicles;
• coordination of types of transport and vehicles used in transportation;
• effective use of the latest advances in information technology, communications and data exchange in managing the delivery of goods.

According to general rules, the systemic organization of transport logistics and transport management in supply chains should be ensured by creating transport logistics system for the delivery of goods, acting on the basis of:

• the use of various types of transport;
• unity and continuity of the technological process of transportation;
• accelerating the delivery of goods, as well as increasing their safety;
• use of logistics technologies "just in time" (delivery on demand) and "door-to-door" (management of cargo delivery along the entire supply chain from the consignor to the consignee);
• the use of terminal technologies for organizing the delivery of goods to the consumer through a network of cargo terminals, where the accumulation and processing of goods, service of commodity flows and delivery of goods to the end consumer takes place.

The elements of the composition of transport logistics systems are summarized in Fig. 9.1.

Transport logistics systems for the delivery of goods have the following features:

• availability of a material basis - rolling stock of various types of transport, loading and unloading and storage machines, mechanisms and equipment, a transport network of communications, buildings and structures of transport infrastructure, terminal facilities, etc.;
• application of a single technology for the delivery of goods from the consignor to the consignee, agreed between the participants in the supply chain;
• subordination of the actions of the links of the chain to the principle of economic, organizational, commercial and legal unity;

Rice. 9.1.

• introduction of mechanization and automation of the main processes of cargo handling, allowing to eliminate heavy and unproductive manual labor;
• the use of special means of information support for decision-making;
• assessment of the economic efficiency of the functioning of transport systems by the criterion of reducing transport costs for the delivery of goods.

In the context of the specified system characteristics, the concept is defined "transportation in supply chains " - this is a form of implementation of the transport process, in which in all links of the chain, on the basis of the effective use of vehicles, handling and storage equipment, as well as information technologies, the fastest possible fast safe delivery of cargo from the consignor to the consignee is ensured.

The classification of transport systems for the delivery of goods in supply chains is carried out according to the characteristics presented in table. 9.1.

Table 9.1

Classification of transport systems

classification	Type of transport systems
	General use (main transport). Special purpose (intra-industrial transport)
Transportation geography	Local (within settlements). Suburban (interdistrict, regional). Intercity (within countries). International (within the world)
System level	Vehicle. Transport division. Transport company. Transport industry. National transport system. World transport system
Type of transport	Ground (road, rail). Water (sea, river). Aviation. Pipeline
Delivery method	Simple (straight). Difficult (mixed)
Type of cargo	General or packaged piece (including batch, container). Bulk (bulk, bulk, bulk)

The connectivity of transportation and warehousing processes in logistics determines the transformation of transport systems into transport and distribution systems, which allow the accumulation of goods and, as the need arises, to send them to the consignees. Transport and distribution systems are designed to solve problems in the area of ​​material flow distribution, including: choose the type of transport, vehicle and plan its loading; to carry out both transit deliveries directly to the consumer and deliveries through a warehouse with intermediate storage, smoothing out the unevenness of demand for the goods.

In transport and transport-distribution systems, commodity flows acquire the character freight flows, which represent the directional movement of goods accepted for carriage from the point of departure to the point of destination. Differences between cargo flows and material flows are identified by the following features: composition of control objects - a set of goods, i.e. material and material units placed in the vehicle; composition of logistic operations - in relation to goods, transportation, loading and unloading operations, as well as accompanying (forwarding) operations are performed.

The concept of supply chain management affects the organization of transport logistics when transporting goods between individual links in the supply chain, which is expressed in options for organizational solutions:

• unimodal transportation - the carriage of goods is carried out by one type of transport and by one or more carriers using transport documents delimiting the responsibility of each carrier;
• intermodal transport- Integrated door-to-door cargo transportation under a single transport document, in which at least two types of transport are involved;
• segmented transportation - carriage in which the carrier organizing the carriage can only assume responsibility for a part of the carriage carried out by him / herself;
• A-modal transport- transportation, in which the control of the movement of vehicles and cargo units, regardless of the nature of the participation in it of various types of transport (sequential, parallel or their combination), is carried out from one dispatch center;
• bimodal transport- the carriage of goods is carried out in specialized vehicles with automobile chassis and railway wheelsets, capable of moving both along the roads as trailers for tractors, and by rail in freight trains.

Within the framework of these and other organizational solutions, involving the work of transport market operators in mixed message, the following issues should be worked out accordingly: distribution of duties of the consignor, carrier, forwarder and consignee, their civil liability and risks; coordination of the work of in-house and external transport carried out by the organizations participating in the supply chains and by the forces of third-party transport organizations, including sourcing opportunities.

The interaction of the consignor and the consignee, generalized by the concept of the cargo owner, can be ensured by the participation carrier- an organization engaged in the transportation of goods, forwarder - an organization supervising the transport process and performing a complex of logistics operations with goods, and transport services market agent- an intermediary performing operations related to the use of vehicles, including rental and operation. In practice, the functions of a freight forwarder and an agent are most often combined by a freight forwarding organization.

In principle, turning to the services of a carrier, forwarder, transport agent means the appearance of additional links in the supply chain (Figure 9.2), which affects the economic feasibility of organizational decisions in accordance with the basic concept of logistics, which provides for the optimization of total logistics costs.

Rice. 9.2.:

1 - transport forwarding agreement; forwarder functions: 2 - work with cargo; 3 - search for a carrier; agent functions: 4 - search for a cargo owner; 5 - work with a vehicle; 6 - transport agency agreement; 7 - contract of carriage

• Nikolaychuk V.E. Transport and warehouse logistics: textbook. allowance. M .: Dashkov i K °, 2006.S. 5.

1.1 Logistic system of the enterprise.

There are several (or several dozen) definitions of logistics, which are adhered to by certain specialists in this field. Most definitions of logistics contain concepts such as management, flows of materials, information and finance, the movement of products from the manufacturer to the final consumer, and the assessment of the costs of promoting the goods. Those. logistics is usually understood to mean the management of material (or service) and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total costs of promoting a product (or services) from the manufacturer to the end consumer.

The material flow consists of resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, assembly units, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products. Recently, logistics technologies for passenger transportation have been developed, therefore, material flows can also be understood as the movement of people by vehicles in various situations.

The role of information and financial flows in logistics can be understood in two ways. On the one hand, they can be considered an object of management influences. On the other hand, these are means of material flow management: a management decision is transmitted through information channels and, in essence, is information for performers, and the attraction of funds is necessary for the implementation of a management decision.

Logistics is a concretization of a systematic approach as applied to the management of flow processes.

There are logistic systems of two levels: micro - and macrologistic. Micro-logistic systems are understood as intra-production systems, as well as systems that are closed within the technological cycle of manufacturing a product.

Macrological systems are systems that operate within a region (city, district, oblast) or a group of enterprises that have one object of activity or similar functions (construction enterprises, etc.)

The central concept of the logistic approach is the concept of a logistics chain, which combines concepts such as: supply chain; logistic process; logistics channel; value chain; demand chain.

In the manufacture of any product, several supply chains are usually implemented. ( For example, to make a car, you need to supply sheet metal, polymer metals, electrical equipment, etc. to the plant.. Each component needs its own supply chain)

The main source of obtaining the economic effect of logistics is the reduction in the time of movement of goods along the logistics chain. First of all, it is necessary to exclude unproductive time expenditures: lying goods in the warehouse, idle time of vehicles and loading and unloading equipment, loss of time by personnel and others.

The goal of logistics is to optimize costs in the links of the supply chain in order to reduce overall costs. Setting cost optimization as a goal does not necessarily mean minimizing costs. The level of costs should be such as to ensure the delivery of the object of movement in compliance with all delivery parameters and the required level of quality. ( These parameters differ depending on the object: the delivery of sand to a brick factory is assessed by some indicators, and the transportation of an accident victim to an emergency hospital is completely different.)

With regard to the delivery of goods, it can be argued that a key role in the management of material flows is played by public transport and forwarding companies, wholesalers and commercial intermediary organizations that provide services for organizing the wholesale turnover of goods, and manufacturers.

The logistics system of the enterprise is formed by a subsystem of physical support of the flow of raw materials from suppliers to a manufacturer and a subsystem of physical distribution of finished products from manufacturer to consumer. It operates cyclically according to the "order receipt - supply - production - transportation - distribution - order delivery" scheme.

Order management (order processing) is an activity in the period between the moment the order is received and until the moment the instructions are given to the warehouse to ship the finished product to the consumer.

Forwarder occupies an important place in the order management system. He, as a participant in the order fulfillment system, determines the terms of delivery, facilitates the implementation of customs procedures, ensures settlements for delivery, prepares shipping documents, organizes loading and unloading, transport and warehouse operations.

The process of delivery of goods can be very complicated and then it is required to separate the tasks of its coordination into a separate area. The functions of a logistics provider (coordinator of actions of participants in the delivery process) can be performed by forwarding companies, warehouses that are independent subjects of economic activity, information and intermediary firms that have a data bank.

The order cycle includes operations performed in the period from the moment the order is received until the consumer receives the ordered product. An order means both the actual order and the document that contains the wishes of the consumer.

In general, the order cycle consists of the following stages: order planning; transfer of the order; Order Processing; selection and packaging of the order; order delivery.

The interaction of transport and the final points of the material flow is most often the main problem of increasing the efficiency of managing the movement of goods. The organizational and technological aspects of this problem are usually exacerbated if transport services are provided by a carrier that is an independent business entity. In this case, it is necessary to regulate the contractual relationship between the cargo owner (customer of transport services) and the carrier.

In practice, logistics often translates into the work of transport and warehouse and the organization of their interaction. This is due to the following:

1.the interaction of transport and warehouse is present in all logistics systems, and many times throughout the entire supply chain: this is like a logistics module;

2. most often, during the interaction of transport and warehouse, significant losses occur in the speed of movement of the material flow;

3. Transport and logistics centers usually provide just warehouse handling and transportation of goods to consumers.

However, logistics is not limited to only transport and warehouse. It includes supply planning, procurement, inventory management, warehouse processing, interaction between transport and warehouse, transportation; then all this is repeated until the product reaches the final consumer from the supplier.

1.2. Supply chain links.

The main links in the supply chain are transport and warehouse. These two links are interconnected not only because the loading of the transport and the receipt of the delivered goods are carried out at the warehouse, but also in a broader sense. The development of a system of peripheral warehouses makes it possible to bring them closer to consumers, and this reduces transport costs for the delivery of goods to final recipients. However, storage costs increase. The decision should be made on the basis of a comparison of all costs and the resulting cost savings.

The supply of industrial enterprises can be realized in various ways: by payment for purchased materials and components by non-cash transfer of funds or by transfer of cash, by financial lease (leasing). Material resources can be rented (for example, transport or technological equipment). Barter or gratuitous transfer is also possible.

Supply operations are performed in the following sequence:

Selection of suppliers;

Negotiating delivery terms;

Conclusion of a contract; acceptance of goods from the supplier;

Transport and storage works

Organizationally, the supply functions are carried out, depending on the existing organizational structure of the enterprise, either by one or several divisions of the enterprise. An enterprise may include, for example, a supply and transport department, or separately, a transport department and a supply department.

When solving problems of supplying an enterprise, a number of basic procedures are performed:

Analysis of the enterprise's need for material resources, determination of requirements for them;

The solution to the problem of "produce or purchase";

Research of the procurement market and selection of a supplier;

Calculation of the procurement budget;

Implementation of purchases and control of supplies; optimization of stocks of purchased products;

Optimization of operating logistics costs.

Manufacturing logistics deals with the management of material flows within an enterprise. ( This can be a manufacturing enterprise that manufactures any product and sells it on the consumer market, or an enterprise that provides material services (storage, packaging, equipment, packaging, etc.). From this point of view, an industrial enterprise, for example, a carriage works, and a warehouse are similar.)

Intra-production logistics systems are an element of macrologistic systems, since it is outside the enterprise that the sources of supply of resources are located. Likewise, the consumer markets in which the company's products are sold are also outside its boundaries.

The production logistics system unites the micro-logistics subsystems of the enterprise, which ensure the purchase, inventory management, warehouse processing, transportation, information exchange and sale of finished products.

Important results of production logistics are a reduction in the time required to complete basic and transport and storage operations, to ensure the quality of products, and to reduce intra-plant transportation.

The main systems for managing material flows in the intra-production logistics system are "pushing" logistics (MCI system ( Material Requirements Planning- planning of requirements for materials) in various modifications) and "pulling" logistics (Kanban system), in which the principle of JIT ("just in time") is implemented.

The "pushing" production organization system is centrally controlled and organized according to a pre-compiled production schedule. It requires the creation of intermediate (buffer) stocks between the technological stages of the production process. The advantage of the "push" system is the maximum utilization of production facilities. With this system, high-performance specialized equipment is preferred; the plan is in the literal sense of the word the law of the life of the enterprise; To ensure the continuity of production, production warehouses are used, which store buffer stocks of raw materials and semi-finished products; as well as stocks of finished products, etc.

The “pulling” system is characterized by the orientation of production towards changing demand, for which universal readjustable equipment is used; ensuring the arrival of all materials at the place and time of their consumption, without intermediate storage; replacement of stocks with information about the place and time of the quick acquisition of the necessary materials; replacing the policy of selling manufactured items with a policy of manufacturing the items sold; bringing the optimal batch size to the maximum possible minimum.

In a customer demand system, warehouses are used to store goods awaiting customers. The warehouse can be located at any link in the logistics chain: at the beginning, at the end or in an intermediate link.

In warehouses, operations are performed to prepare goods for movement along the supply chain. The warehouse carries out storage of goods as a business activity and provides storage-related services.

The tasks of warehouse logistics are:

Organization of acceptance, placement, storage, preparation for consumption and release of goods;

Optimization of technical and technological equipment for warehouse processing;

Information support of warehouse technological processes;

Determination of the optimal number and placement of warehouses in the distribution system of goods;

The choice between organizing your own warehouse and using general warehouses.

Warehouses are classified depending on the functional purpose, on the organizational form of warehouse management, on the nature of storage, on the degree of mechanization and automation, depending on storage modes, depending on the number of storeys and depending on the available transport infrastructure. On these grounds distinguish: industrial and commodity warehouses; common use, shared use and individual warehouses; sorting, etc.

Warehouses are subdivided into general warehouses (for goods that do not require regulated storage regimes); to specialized warehouses (for one selected group of goods) and universal warehouses.

1.3. The role of transport in the supply chain of goods.

Transport support of logistics solves the problems associated with the movement of goods by various vehicles.

The role of transport in the logistics supply chain of goods is determined by two main factors:

1. The costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are prevalent in the structure of logistics costs.

2. Transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of the main activities of companies - customers of transport services.

When organizing the logistics chain for the movement of goods, it is necessary to take into account the discrepancy between the interests of the cargo owner and the carrier. ( For example, a carrier is interested in the highest possible tariff for transport services, while the owner of the goods and the customer of transport services seeks to minimize this amount. The cargo owner is attracted by the opportunity to send the cargo as soon as possible from the moment of receiving the order, while the carrier is interested in a certain time lag from the moment the order is received until the moment the transport is submitted. The cargo owner is interested in minimizing the transportation time, while the carrier must take into account the condition of the road, the dynamic qualities of the vehicle, the requirements of the work and rest regime of the personnel and is interested in the presence of some reserve so that the influence of various random factors can be mitigated.)

The role of transport in increasing the economic efficiency of the main activities of cargo owners is clearly manifested in the application of the technology "just in time". When the required goods are delivered within a predetermined timeframe, the maintenance of the warehouse is not required (this saves the costs of using land areas, building construction, staff costs, purchasing technological equipment) and accelerates capital turnover.

At the same time, work on a rigid schedule increases the load on the management staff for planning, monitoring and dispatching supplies. In case of unforeseen failures in violation of the transportation schedule, participants incur significant financial losses. If the shipper did not manage to prepare the cargo for transportation at the agreed time, then he still pays for the use of transport, as if the transportation took place.

First of all, the principles of logistics are applied when transporting bulk cargo (coal, iron ore, oil products and others) on technological routes between senders and recipients. For such transportation, special main lines of railway transport are allocated. Cargoes are transported on a tight schedule, which makes it unnecessary for consumers to create reserves of raw materials and fuel.

As a result, the size of the dead capital in stocks is reduced, the need for storage facilities is reduced, and the transshipment of goods is eliminated. ()

The more significant the range of goods, the wider the geography of distribution and the greater the number of consumers, the more difficult it is to organize a single technological process for delivering goods to consumers and the higher the effect of the development and implementation of logistics technologies. The complication of delivery technologies occurs due to the operations of containerization, packaging, and the formation of cargo units. The operations of route planning, selection of vehicles, accounting, control and analysis become more complicated.

By appointment, there are two main groups of transport:

Public transport, providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis;

Transport owned by cargo owners and providing their transportation needs.

The main tasks of transport logistics include:

Selection of a transport and technological delivery scheme;

The choice of a carrier, including the definition of the type of transport, the operator of the carriage (freight forwarding company) and the type of vehicle;

Coordination of the transport process with the work of the warehouse;

Placement of goods inside the vehicle;

Transportation routing and control of cargo movement in transit;

Ensuring the safety of cargo during movement;

Joint planning of different modes of transport in the case of multimodal transport;

The solution of these problems is the subject of the activity of logistics managers.

Companies - cargo owners use two main methods of transportation in their activities:

Multimodal (transportation of goods in sequence by two or more modes of transport);

Unimodal (transportation of goods by only one mode of transport).

The terminology in the field of cargo transportation cannot be considered completely settled at present. For transportation by several modes of transport, the terms are also used:

Intermodal transportation (the cargo owner enters into an agreement for the entire route with one person, called the transportation operator; the cargo unit is not subject to reorganization);

Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport);

Combined transportation (transportation by two or more modes of transport with the obligatory participation of road transport, which delivers the cargo to the shortest possible distance to the main mode of transport).

According to another definition, combined transportation is understood, as opposed to multimodal, transportation involving more than two modes of transport.

Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport) distinguishes between two types:

Separate (transportation is carried out according to several transport documents);

Direct (the cargo owner enters into an agreement with the first carrier, which acts on its own behalf and on behalf of the carrier by another mode of transport).

The advantage of multimodal transportation is the reduction in the cost of delivery when using modes of transport that have a low cost of transportation and low transportation rates.

The advantage of unimodal transportation is the high speed of delivery, the absence of transshipment operations and ease of organization,

1.4. Indicators of the quality of transport services.

The quality of transport services - the main groups of indicators. The increasing level of requirements that transport customers make in modern supply chains and the growing competition between transport operators have highlighted the quality of transport services. It is especially important in the logistics of consumer goods and high-tech products, where the share of transport costs does not exceed 7-10% of the final product chain and the consumer is willing to pay extra to the transport operator for "a set of characteristics of a service that determine its ability to meet the established or anticipated needs of the consumer" - just like that the concept of service quality is defined by the Russian standard (GOST R 50691–94. Model of service quality assurance. M., 1994).

Despite the growing attention paid to the issues of quality of services in theoretical studies, there is no single generally accepted system of indicators of the quality of transport services. This is due to the exceptional variety of conditions in which transport operators and consumers of their services have to operate. The set of quality indicators and their relative importance can vary, even for the same customer, depending on the type of goods transported.

Most of the indicators used in practice characterizing the quality of transport services can be attributed to one of three groups:

1) time indicators;

2) indicators of reliability;

3) indicators of flexibility.

Time indicators. This group of indicators characterizes the operator's ability to meet the requirements related to the temporal aspects of transport services. It includes, in particular:

1. speed of delivery of goods. Contrary to popular belief, the maximum possible delivery speed is not the main time requirement in modern logistics, but there are groups of goods for which it is relevant. These include:

a) goods for which the transportation time is comparable to the life cycle: flowers, refrigerated food, some biological products and medicines, etc.;

b) goods that must appear on the market as soon as possible in order to eliminate the resulting deficit. Such situations arise, for example, on the eve of the holidays, when some retail chains, underestimating the level of demand, seek to compensate for the lack of supply by switching the supply of goods from sea transport to air transport;

c) the most expensive consumer goods (primarily consumer electronics), for which a long transportation period requires too much working capital;

d) equipment and spare parts necessary for urgent elimination of accidents in production, the downtime of which brings significant losses;

2. a certain time for the submission of vehicles for loading("Feed window"). For many customers, this requirement is driven by the desire to reduce the time between the emergence of the need for transportation and its implementation. In some cases, the "delivery window" is associated with the shipper's work technology - for example, if the delivery from the warehouse is performed within a certain time interval;

3. specific delivery time to the final recipient("Delivery window"). In modern logistics, this requirement for transport systems is one of the most significant. It is undesirable not only to be late, but also to deliver too early, which can create a problem for the recipient of a shortage of warehouse space. Guaranteed accuracy of delivery allows the customer to plan deliveries in production and distribution chains with high reliability, thus reducing the level of inventory and costs;

4. Frequency of departures characterizes the quality of linear services. It is generally accepted that in modern supply chains, line services can be in demand, provided that at least one shipment per week is completed. More shipments are welcomed by users as it allows them more flexibility to adapt to market needs and production capabilities. At the same time, an increase in the frequency of services increases the operator's costs and may lead to a loss of line profitability.

Reliability indicators. Reliability is understood as the ability of the transport system to provide the declared performance characteristics. Reliability can be assessed by the following indicators:

1. punctuality characterizes the reliability of provision of temporal characteristics of service. Punctuality is measured by the percentage of maintenance of time characteristics within the declared or agreed with the client interval (for example, the percentage of timely completed submissions, deliveries, etc.). Additionally, a quantity such as the average delay time can be estimated. ( For example, if two operators have the same delivery rate at the agreed time, then the goth of them will have an advantage in the market, whose average latency will be less.);

2. The safety of goods can be measured by the share of goods (measured in volume, value or in the number of packages) delivered without damage. An additional indicator can be the average amount of damage per unit of weight or per unit of value caused to the goods transported.

3. Flexibility indicators. Service flexibility refers to the ability of the transport system to adapt to changing service conditions. The indicators of flexibility are least measurable, but qualitatively, it is possible to fairly reliably assess the features of the service that are characteristic of a particular transport operator, in particular:

Accelerating or delaying delivery at the request of the client;

Forwarding cargo;

Provision of additional carriage possibilities in excess of the previously agreed volume;

Successful completion of delivery in case of an unexpected change in transportation conditions (traffic congestion, unfavorable weather), etc.

Transport service quality management tools. Despite the variety of transport services and conditions for their provision, there are applied quality management tools. The most common are the ISO 9000 series of standards and the market standards for the quality of transport services.

ISO 9000 series standards are a system that has generalized many years of world experience and has become a universally recognized basis for achieving stable quality by any enterprise, regardless of the type of its products or services. These standards are adopted as national in almost 200 countries, including Russia.

The ISO 9000 system includes the following documents agreed upon with each other (the designations of the corresponding Russian standards are given in brackets):

1. ISO 9000 (GOST R ISO 9000-2008), which describes the main provisions of quality management systems and establishes the appropriate terminology;

2. ISO 9001 (GOST R ISO 9001-2008), which sets the requirements for quality management systems;

3. ISO 9004 (GOST R ISO 9004-2010), containing recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the quality management system;

4. ISO 19011 (GOST R ISO 19011-2003), which provides guidelines for auditing (checking) quality management systems and environmental protection.

In modern conditions, voluntary certification of a company for compliance with the requirements of ISO 9001 is often a key factor in success in many markets or even entering them, confirming that the company belongs to a "civilized" business. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the standards of the ISO 9000 system are not standards for the quality of services as such. Compliance, for example, with the requirements of ISO 9001 only indicates that the company has a quality management system and that its management and personnel are constantly working in this area.

Market quality standards. Along with the ISO 9000 system in countries with developed market economies in all sectors, including transport, market standards for the quality of services have become widespread. They refer, as a rule, to rather narrow segments of entrepreneurial activity, where the uniformity of conditions and a large experience accumulated by the market make it possible to form a stable system of indicators and standards that determine the level of quality. Such standards are developed by market participants represented by associations and unions of entrepreneurs, often in conjunction with users of transport services. Without being binding, market quality standards set certain benchmarks both for transport operators themselves, who can orient themselves in terms of service quality to market leaders, and for consumers, who get the opportunity to compare operators and their asking prices, taking into account what actually exists in the given segment of the market for quality of service. The process of forming similar standards is also underway in the Russian transport business.

Thus, a group of leading logistics companies operating in the Russian market, together with the logistics department of the public organization Delovaya Rossiya, has developed the following quality standard that sets the requirements for road transport by car ()

Acceptance of a carriage order:

In the city: until 15:00 at night (after 00:00 the next working day), until 16:00 the next morning (after 08:00 the next working day);

Intercity: 24 hours before the start of transportation (if the current day is not working - 48 hours);

International: 3 days with clarification one day before the start of transportation.

Car submission for loading:

Around the city: in the interval from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time;

Intercity: in the interval from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time;

International: in the interval from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time.

Arrival of the car to the place of unloading:

Around the city: in the interval from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;

Intercity: in the interval from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;

International: in the interval from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract.

Permissible downtime of transport without fines (time for loading and unloading goods) for all types of transportation except intracity - 2 hours For international transportation - for loading and customs clearance (export from the Russian Federation) 24 hours, for customs clearance (import) and unloading - 48 hrs

Prevention of defects in transportation for transport reasons:

Adequate experience of the carrier and the presence in the vehicle of means of securing goods (belts, ears in a semitrailer for fastening belts, inflatable cushions, cushioning material) is required;

Availability of an insurance policy covering the cost of goods no more than $ 250,000 per flight (for transportation within the Russian Federation) and on CMR terms (for international);

The number of flights in which the volume of rejects does not exceed the permissible limits is at least 98% of the total number of flights.

Lack of shortages for transport reasons (traffic accidents, crime): not less than 99.5% of the total number of flights.

Return of documents with confirmation of delivery:

Around the city: scan - within 24 hours from unloading, originals - within 5 working days;

Intercity: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 12 working days from the date of unloading;

3) international: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 15 working days from the date of unloading.

In addition, the prerequisites are:

1) running a "white" business, the absence of "gray" schemes for avoiding VAT, the payment of wages to employees in full, the absence of possible tax claims from working with a carrier;

2) the annual revenue of the enterprise is at least 60 million rubles. per year, the number of flights - at least 2000 per year;

3) long-term business (more than three years as a resident of the Russian Federation), regular tax reporting;

4) for transportation in the Russian Federation: at least 80% of transportation is carried out by rolling stock with a service life of up to 8 years and environmental standards not worse than EURO-2, while 100% of its own fleet also meets these requirements;

5) in the case of the carriage of dangerous goods - the presence of an expert in the transport of dangerous goods in the company;

6) if it is necessary to transport expensive or oversized cargo - have an agreement with a licensed organization capable of providing escort or armed security;

7) regular control of contractors by its own security service;

8) regular training of personnel on quality standards;

9) knowledge of the procedures for acceptance and delivery of cargo in accordance with the client's requirements;

10) availability TMS (Transport Management System) with measurement capabilities as the above KPIs ( Key performance indicators), and additional (punctuality, quality of equipment, quality of invoicing and supporting documents, presence of defects and shortages), storage of accompanying documentation

1.5. The cost of transportation time.

Transportation time and logistics costs are related in several aspects.

Goods in motion are withdrawn from commercial circulation during transportation, which requires a corresponding increase in the working capital of the business. Along with this, a possible delay in delivery against a pre-planned time makes it necessary to create safety stocks in the supply chain. The higher the expected average latency, the larger the inventory size and associated costs. The equivalent of creating safety stocks is the earlier dispatch of goods, which provides "buffer" time in the supply chain.

As the analysis of a number of commodity markets shows, the costs associated with the mobilization of additional working capital and the creation of insurance stocks, with the price of goods in the range from 2 thousand to 5 thousand dollars per 1 ton, are from 0.75 to 2.5 dollars per 1 ton per day.

This assessment is confirmed by the practice of transportation in those directions where competing transport services operate with different delivery speeds. The difference in the cost of such services corresponds to the willingness of cargo owners to pay for accelerated delivery, i.e. reflects the real market “price of time”. The typical difference in the tariff rate for sea container lines is $ 20-30 per TEU ( Twenty-foot equivalent (TEU or teu from English twenty-foot equivalent unit) is a conventional unit for measuring the capacity of freight vehicles. It is often used when describing the capacity of container ships and container terminals. Based on the volume of a 20 '(6.1 meters) intermodal ISO container - a standard size metal box that can be transported by various modes of transport: road, rail and sea) per day, which is equivalent to USD 2–3 per ton of goods per day.

This value is only about 0.05% of the value of the goods. Therefore, for the bulk of general cargo, the fastest possible delivery is not a logistical priority.

Meanwhile, for certain types of goods, the price of time is much higher. For example, some companies supplying clothing from Southeast Asia to Europe send a small part of their volume by air in order to compensate for surges in demand, as well as losses and spoilage arising from the sea delivery of the bulk of goods. At the same time, the cost of air transportation is about $ 2,500 per ton, and delivery by sea is $ 180 per 1 ton. The delivery time is reduced by 20-25 days, but the "time price" is equivalent to about $ 100 per ton of goods for day.

Hewlett-Packard, one of the world's leading electronics manufacturers, has switched the delivery of some of its products manufactured in the PRC and addressed to Western Europe from a traditional sea route to a rail route that runs through China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany. The reason was a significant decrease in the speed of sea transportation, which went to most ocean container lines in the post-crisis period to reduce costs. As a result of the decrease in the speed of delivery, the volumes of the company's products withdrawn from circulation have become too large, and the reaction to changes in market demand is difficult. Railway delivery costs the company 25% more than sea delivery, but the transportation time is reduced from five weeks to three.

Another aspect of the influence of the time factor becomes significant when the delay time exceeds the allowable limit and the safety stocks are exhausted. In this case, suppliers incur direct and indirect losses due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, loss of market reputation and clientele. Sales contracts usually include penalties for failure to meet delivery deadlines. In some cases - for example, when transporting perishable goods - the delay of the goods beyond a certain period may become the reason for the buyer's justified refusal to accept the entire consignment.

The nature and extent of the sanctions imposed on the seller depend on the type of product, the possibility of replenishing the lost goods, the amount of the buyer’s lost profits and a number of other factors. A study by the world's leading container carrier Maersk among its customers showed that about 70% of goods delivered for retail sale lost 25% of their value if they were delayed for a week. With an average cost of cargo in a container equivalent to $ 30,000, the price of a weekly delay is $ 7.500 per container, which is about $ 100 per ton of cargo per day. If consumer electronics goods are transported in a container, then the amount of losses turns out to be 40-50 times greater!

Thus, in practice, the relative importance of the speed of transportation and punctuality of delivery should be determined for each price of supply, depending on the type of goods transported and the nature of the relationship between the participants in the chain.

If we express the corresponding costs in monetary terms and add them to the cost of transportation, we can estimate the "full" cost of transport services, taking into account the influence of the time factor. For this, the following dependency can be used:

C = D + Rx (74 5), (1.1)

where C is the total costs associated with the transportation of goods; D is the cost of transportation; R - "price of time" for a given type of product; T is the average time of delivery of goods along the route; S - the margin of time that the supplier must lay down when sending the goods in order to ensure timely delivery.

The value of S depends on the punctuality of the transport system and on the admissible probability of delivery failure set by the supplier. It can be calculated on the assumption that the deviation of the transportation time obeys the law of normal distribution.

So, if the supplier wants the probability of delivery failure to not exceed 2.2%, and the standard deviation of the transportation time on this route is one day, then the required time margin should be two days (Fig.1.1) of the admissible delivery failure probability

Rice. 1.1. Determination of the required margin of time, depending