Environmental factors affecting living organisms. Presentation on ecology "abiotic environmental factors" Plants of dry and very dry places

Environmental factors affecting living organisms Biology lesson 5th grade Federal State Educational Standard Matveeva I.V. MBOU ecological lyceum No. 66, Lipetsk

Complete definitions

Autotrophs-

Heterotrophs-

Symbionts-

Habitat - ………..

Habitat – most……..

EXERCISE

In four columns write words according to their habitat: radish root; wolf, crucian carp, pine, boletus, whale, mole, tinder fungus, earthworm, flounder, scabies mite

radish root, mole, earthworm
wolf, pine, boletus, bear
crucian carp, whale, flounder
tinder fungus, scabies mite

Working with pictures Assignment: “Indicate the living environments of the depicted organisms”

What environmental conditions do you know?
What does a frog's life depend on?
Ambient temperature

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Abiotic factors

inanimate nature ( Light, water, temperature )

LIVING ORGANISMS

Biotic factors

wildlife

( other living organisms )

Anthropogenic - human influence

Abiotic environmental factors

1.Temperature

A) bird flights

B) molting

B) hibernation

2.Water

Moisture-loving Drought-resistant

plants

Useful(+\+)

The relationship between the Siberian stone pine and the nutcracker bird, which, feeding on pine seeds and storing food, promotes self-renewal of cedar forests.

Cheetah on the hunt. Predator-prey relationship

Neutral relationship

For example, squirrels and moose in the same forest do not

contact each other

Anthropogenic factors

1.Positive

2.Negative

EXERCISE

Distribute environmental factors into three columns: forest fire, chasing a hare, snowfall, emissions into the atmosphere, eating raspberries by a bear, sultry heat, dumping wastewater into a river, pollinating a plant

forest fire, air emissions, wastewater discharge into the river
chasing a hare, eating a raspberry by a bear, pollinating a plant
fallen snow, sultry heat

MBOU secondary school No. 21

I.S. Davydova

Biology teacher

Dyachenko T.A.

2017

1.Environmental factors
2Classification of environmental factors
3 Abiotic factors, classification
4 Biotic factors
5 Anthropogenic factors
6 Effect of light on organisms
7 Water as an environmental factor
8 Effect of temperature on organisms
9. Adaptation of organisms to abiotic factors
10. Intensity of action of abiotic factors

Ecology is a science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their habitat. Environmental factors are individual environmental factors.

abiotic

Environmental

factors

Anthropo-

genetic

biotically e

Abiotic factors are factors of inanimate nature

Abiotic

factors

Meteorological

(temperature,

humidity,

pressure)

Geophysical

(radiation,

radiation,

geomagnetism)

Chemical

(components

water, air,

Biotic factors - the influence of living organisms

phytogenic e

Biotic

factors

microgenic

zoogenic

Anthropogenic factors – human influence on living organisms

Anthropogenic

Household

(direct

satisfaction

needs

person)

Technogenic

(use of machines

and technical

equipment)

Light is the most important abiotic factor that provides everything life processes on Earth.
1. What is photoperiodism and what is its significance?
2. What abiotic factor turned out to be the main regulator and signal of seasonal phenomena in the life of plants and animals in the process of evolution?
3. What rays are destructive to living things?
4. Which rays warm cold-blooded animals?
Animals?
5. What rays do plants use to
photosynthesis?

Ultraviolet

Visible rays

Infrared rays

The value of humidity is due to the high water content in the cells and tissues of the body and its role in metabolic processes.
Determines the nature of flora and fauna in a given area
Important limiting factor for organisms
Changes the body's response to temperature fluctuations
The presence of effective adaptations to unfavorable arid conditions in plants and animals

The effect of temperature on organisms

The value of temperature is determined by the fact that the rate of chemical metabolic reactions directly depends on it
1. Complete the sentence:
According to ability to support
body temperature living organs
lowlands are divided into 2
groups:
1____ 2_______
2 . Describe the physiological
mechanisms of plants and animals
with unstable body temperature,
preventing them from cooling
3 . Indicate the advantages of warm-blooded animals

Part of the earth's surface

Minimum temperature

Maximum temperature

sea waters

Fresh waters

Amplitude

Adaptation of organisms to abiotic factors as a result of evolution

Fitness indicators

plants

Adaptations to the cold

animals

Falling leaves

Cold resistance

Preservation of vegetative organs in the soil

Adaptations for

water shortage

Physiological rest

Long roots

Reduced evaporation

Water storage

Flight to the south

Thick wool

Hibernation

Subcutaneous fat layer

Physiological rest

Water from food

Fat storage

Degree of factor favorability

Lower limit

Upper limit

The effect of abiotic environmental factors on living organisms

normal

vital worker-

oppression

Factor intensity

1.Ecology is
A) science that studies plants, animals, and their habitats
B) science that studies the relationships between living organisms
C) science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment
2 Which of the following factors can be classified as abiotic?
A) spring river floods
B) deforestation
C) adding fertilizers to the soil
3) Note the sum of the factors that determine life :
A) mineral salts, relief
B) temperature, water, light
B) human influence
4. Birds’ molting and migration to warm countries are connected With;
A) a decrease in air temperature
B) changes in air temperature
B) changing the length of the day
5. What adaptations contribute to the survival of animals in dry conditions? conditions?
A) suspended animation
B) accumulation of fats
C) the formation of metabolic water in the body as a result of oxidative reactions
6. Photoperiodism is the reaction of organisms to change
A) air temperature
B) air humidity
B) the ratio of day and night
7. Name organisms in which physiological processes accelerate due to increased temperature environment
A) sparrow B) cat C) flounder D) caterpillar

1. Textbook “General Biology”. Mamontov V.I., Zakharov N.I.
2. Directory “Biology in tables”
3.Handbook “Ecology in tables”

Environmental factors

1. Abiotic(factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
2. Biotic(factors of living nature) – intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
3. Anthropogenic(human influence factors) – direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat

Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)

1.temperature
2.light
3.humidity
4.salt concentration
5.pressure
6.precipitation
7.relief
8.movement of air masses

Temperature

Animal organisms are distinguished:
1. with constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).

Light

visible rays infrared ultraviolet

radiation

(primary main source wavelength 0.3 µm,

thermal energy light source, 10% radiant energy,

on Earth), 45% radiant energy in small quantities

wavelength 0.4 – 0.75 µm, required (vitamin D)

45% of the total

radiant energy on earth

(photosynthesis)

Plants in relation to light

1. photophilous– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.
2. shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.
3. shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading.

Groups of plants in relation to water

1. aquatic plants

2. semi-aquatic plants ( terrestrial-aquatic)

3. land plants

4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought

5. succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

Groups of animals in relation to water

1. moisture-loving animals

2. intermediate group

3. dry-loving animals

Laws of action

environmental factors

The positive or negative impact of an environmental factor on living organisms depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor negatively affects the life activity of individuals.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Environmental factors are quantifiable

Any factor has certain limits of positive influence on organisms.

In relation to each factor we can distinguish:

-optimum zone (zone of normal life activity,

-pessimum zone (zone of oppression),

- upper and lower limits of endurance of organisms .

Law of Optimum

The intensity of the environmental factor that is most favorable for the life of an organism is called optimum.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of organisms is impossible.

The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the tolerance zone.

Species with a wide tolerance zone are called eurybionts,

with a narrow - stenobionts.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Organisms that can tolerate significant temperature fluctuations are called eurythermic , and adapted to a narrow temperature range – stenothermic.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Tolerance curves

The position of the apex indicates optimal conditions for this factor for a given species.

Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions for the normal existence of a species is very narrow.

Flat curves correspond to a wide range of tolerance.

Laws of action

environmental factors

In relation to pressure distinguish:

eury- and stenobate organisms;

In relation to

to the degree of salinity of the environment :

eury- and stenohaline.

Law of the minimum

In 1840, J. Liebig suggested that the endurance of organisms is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs.

Justus Liebig

(1803-1873)

Law of the minimum

Yu. Liebig found that grain yield is often limited not by those nutrients that are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, but by those that are needed in small quantities and which are not enough in the soil.

Justus Liebig

(1803-1873)

Law of limiting factor

Plant growth is limited by the deficiency of at least one element, the amount of which is below the required minimum.

Liebig called this pattern

law of the minimum.

"Liebig Barrel"

Law of the minimum

In a complex of environmental factors, the one whose intensity is closer to the limit of endurance (to a minimum) is stronger.

Justus Liebig - German chemist and agricultural chemist.

Law of the minimum

The general formulation of the law of the minimum has caused much controversy among scientists. Already in the middle of the 19th century. it was known that excess exposure could also be a limiting factor, and that different age and sex groups of organisms react differently to the same conditions.

Law of the minimum

Thus, not only a deficiency (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of an environmental factor can be limiting.
The idea of the limiting influence of the maximum, along with the minimum, was developed

W. Shelford in 1913

Ecological valency of the species

Property of species

adapt

to this or that

range

environmental factors

called

ecological plasticity

(or environmental valence) .

The ecological valence of a species is broader than the ecological valence of an individual.

The miller moth is one of the pests of flour and grains - the critical minimum temperature for caterpillars is 7  WITH,

for adults - 23  C, for eggs - 27  WITH.

Acclimatization –

This is a definite restructuring

getting used to new climatic and geographical

conditions.

The position of the optimum and endurance limits can shift within certain limits.

Adaptation of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:

1 . warm-blooded animals maintaining a constant body temperature
2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in winter
3. suspended animation – a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slow and all visible signs of life are absent
4. frost resistance b – the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures
5. state of rest - fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by cessation of visible growth and vital activity
6. summer peace– an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.

“Environmental monitoring” - For automatic telephone exchanges (0.1-3 people per sq. km), the network density is an order of magnitude or more lower than the EU criteria. Full program observations provides for 4 times sampling per day - at 1.00, 7.00, 13.00 and 19.00 hours. 10. Location of observation points - residential and industrial areas, areas of major highways. 6. 2. 1,2,3,4.

“Environmental development” - Soil, water and air pollution. In Russia, from 20 to 400 1.1 billion people on Earth are deprived of access to clean water. Is growth due to increased hydrocarbon production sustainable? Does society believe in claims of loyalty to nature? Results of the survey “What is ecology?” What does the UNDP environmental program do?

“The impact of environmental factors on the body” - Partially or completely indifferent to the body. All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have been developed historically. Environmental factors. Abiotic and biotic environmental factors. The limit of tolerance. Environmental factors act not individually, but as a whole complex. Have a negative impact.

“Environmental protection” - Department of Chemical Technology of Materials and Products of Sorption Technology (nanoporous materials). International Atomic Energy Agency. Duration of training is 5.5 years. Constantly modernized scientific and technical base, connections with domestic and foreign companies. In accordance with the curriculum, the following disciplines are taught at the department:

“Ecological environmental factors” - Hygrophilic (moisture-loving) - marsh marigold, creeping buttercup, woodlice, mosquitoes, dragonflies. In relation to light, the following types of plants are distinguished: Sometimes a close relationship that benefits both participants is referred to as symbiosis. The passive form is understood as the use of a resource necessary for both types.

There are 11 presentations in total

Ecological factors 1. Abiotic (factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc. 1. Abiotic (factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc. 2. Biotic (factors of living nature) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms 2. Biotic (factors of living nature) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms 3. Anthropogenic (factors of human influence) - direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat 3. Anthropogenic (human influence factors) – direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat

Abiotic factors (inanimate nature) 1.temperature 1.temperature 2.light 2.light 3.humidity 3.humidity 4.salt concentration 4.salt concentration 5.pressure 5.pressure 6.precipitation 6.precipitation 7.relief 7.relief 8.movement of air masses 8.movement of air masses

Temperature Animal organisms are distinguished: Animal organisms are distinguished: 1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded) 1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded) 2. with an unstable body temperature (cold-blooded). 2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).

Light visible rays infrared ultraviolet radiation (main main source wavelength 0.3 microns, thermal energy light source, 10% of radiant energy, on Earth), 45% of radiant energy in small quantities wavelength 0.4 - 0.75 microns, required (vitamin D) 45% of the total amount of radiant energy on Earth (photosynthesis)

Plants in relation to light 1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics. 1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics. 2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. 2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. 3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading. 3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading.

Groups of plants in relation to water 1. aquatic plants 2. semi-aquatic plants (terrestrial-aquatic) 3. terrestrial plants 4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought 5. succulents - succulent, accumulate water in your body tissues

Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light: Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light: 1. warm-blooded animals - maintaining a constant temperature by the body 1. warm-blooded animals - maintaining a constant temperature by the body 2. hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in winter 2 hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in winter 3. anabiosis - a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slow and all visible signs of life are absent 3. anabiosis - a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slow and all visible signs of life are absent 4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures 4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures 5. dormancy - the fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity 5. dormancy - the adaptability of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity 6. summer dormancy is an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, and semi-deserts. 6. summer dormancy is an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, and semi-deserts.

Task 1 Of the animals listed, name the ones that are cold-blooded (i.e., with an unstable body temperature). Of the animals listed, name the ones that are cold-blooded (i.e., with an unstable body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel. Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel.

Task 2 Of the animals listed, name the ones that are warm-blooded (i.e., with a constant body temperature). Of the animals listed, name those that are warm-blooded (i.e., with a constant body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear. Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear.

Task 3 Select from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Chamomile, spruce, dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern. Chamomile, spruce, dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern.

Task 4 Select animals that lead a diurnal, nocturnal and twilight lifestyle. Select animals that are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular. Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly. Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly.

Task 5 Select plants belonging to different groups in relation to water. Choose plants that belong to different groups in relation to water. Dandelion officinalis, ranunculus, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula Dandelion officinalis, ranunculus, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula

Task 6 Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Monitor lizard, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver. Monitor lizard, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver.