Relative value of the planned target. Relative level of plan implementation

planned target for fuel production or consumption- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Energy topics in general EN fuel target...

indicative target- - Telecommunications topics, basic concepts EN indicative planning figureIPF ... Technical Translator's Guide

TASK, tasks, Wed. A task assigned to someone, an assignment (book newspaper). The cost reduction task has been completed. Planned task. Exceed the target. Work on assignments. || Design, purpose, task. Set yourself a task. || That,… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

exercise- , iya, wed. * Planned task. The prescribed, planned scope of work. ◘ The same word Plan in newly formed compound words began to widely act as a definition: planned economy die Planwirtschaft:, planned task die... ...

Assignment for carrying out work to preserve a cultural heritage site- 3.7.1. Task for carrying out work to preserve a cultural heritage object: (Planned (restoration) task) The form is determined by the procedure or regulations established by the state protection authorities of cultural heritage objects, including ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

I; Wed 1. A goal or task set for someone. for execution. Responsible, difficult h. Government, secret h. Z. national importance. Project for the study of the flora and fauna of Lake Baikal. Z. for exploration of deposits. Give, fulfill the task... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

exercise- I; Wed 1) A goal or task set for someone. for execution. Responsible, difficult task. Government, secret mission. Task of national importance. Assignment on studying the flora and fauna of Lake Baikal. Intelligence task... ... Dictionary of many expressions

The planned target for the production and sale of products is established. nomenclature and quality; leading section of state people's development plan x VA USSR, industry plan, prtiya. P. p. pr tiya main. techpromfinpla section on... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

planned- oh, oh. 1. Related to a (production) plan. * Planned task. ◘ It was work that she performed as a routine scheduled task. Gladkov, vol. 2, 95. 2. Carried out according to a pre-developed plan. * Planned... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Council of Deputies

This term has other meanings, see Strommashina. "Strommashina" (JSC "Strommashina") Type of JSC Year of foundation 1950 Location ... Wikipedia

farming- , a, cf. 1. Everything that constitutes production; economy. * Planned economy. * Planned housekeeping. (A distinctive feature of the socialist mode of production). ◘ The same word Plan began to appear in newly formed words... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Council of Deputies

Along with absolute values, one of the most important forms of generalizing indicators in statistics are relative values ​​- these are generalizing indicators that express a measure of quantitative relationships inherent in specific phenomena or statistical objects. When calculating a relative value, the ratio of two interrelated quantities (mainly absolute) is measured, which is very important in statistical analysis. Relative values ​​are widely used in statistical research because they allow you to compare different indicators and make such comparisons clear.

Relative values ​​are calculated as the ratio of two numbers. In this case, the numerator is called the value being compared, and the denominator is called the basis of relative comparison. Depending on the nature of the phenomenon being studied and the objectives of the study, the basic quantity can take on different values, which leads to different forms of expression of relative quantities. Relative values ​​are measured in:

- coefficients: if the comparison base is taken to be 1, then the relative value is expressed as an integer or fractional number showing how many times one value is greater than the other or what part it makes up;

— percent, if the comparison base is taken as 100;

— ppm, if the comparison base is taken to be 1000;

— prodecimal, if the comparison base is taken to be 10000;

- named numbers (km, kg, ha), etc.

Relative values ​​are divided into two groups:

— relative values ​​obtained as a result of the ratio of statistical indicators of the same name;

— relative values ​​representing the result of comparison of different statistical indicators.

The relative values ​​of the first group include: relative values ​​of dynamics, relative values ​​of the planned task and plan implementation, relative values ​​of structure, coordination and visibility.

The result of a comparison of indicators of the same name is a short ratio (coefficient) showing how many times the compared value is greater (or less) than the base one. The result can be expressed as a percentage, showing what percentage the compared value is of the base.

Relative dynamics characterize changes in a phenomenon over time. They show how many times the volume of a phenomenon has increased (or decreased) over a certain period of time; they are called growth coefficients. Growth rates can be calculated as percentages. To do this, ratios are multiplied by 100. They are called growth rates, which can be determined on a variable or constant basis.

Growth rates (T p) with a variable base are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon of each period with the level of the previous period. Growth rates with a constant comparison base are obtained by comparing the level of the phenomenon in each individual period with the level of one period taken as the base.

Growth rate in percentage with variable base (chain growth rate):

Where y 1; y 2; y 3; y 4;- levels of the phenomenon for the same consecutive periods (for example, product output by quarter of the year).

Growth rate on a constant basis (baseline growth rate):

; ; . (4.2)

Where y k– a constant base of comparison.

— ratio of the indicator value according to the plan ( y pl) to its actual value in the previous period ( y o), i.e. at pl / at o.(4.3)

– the ratio of the actual (reported) value of the indicator ( at 1) to its value planned for the same period ( at pl), i.e. y 1 / y pl. (4.4)

The relative values ​​of the plan target, plan implementation and dynamics are interconnected.

So, or ; . (4.5)

Relative magnitudes of structure characterize the share of individual parts in the total volume of the aggregate and are expressed in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.

Each relative value of the structure, expressed as a percentage, is called specific gravity. This value has one feature - the sum of the relative values ​​of the population being studied is always equal to 100%, or 1 (depending on how it is expressed). Relative values ​​of structure are used in the study of complex phenomena that fall into a number of groups or parts, to characterize the specific weight (share) of each group in the overall total.

Relative coordination values reflect the ratio of the numbers of two parts of the whole, i.e. show how many units of one group are on average per one, ten or one hundred units of another group of the population being studied (for example, how many employees are there per 100 workers). Relative coordination values ​​characterize the relationship between individual parts of the population and one of them, taken as the basis of comparison. When determining this value, one of the parts of the whole is taken as a basis for comparison. Using this value, you can maintain the proportions between the components of the population. Indicators of coordination are, for example, the number of urban residents per 100 rural; the number of women per 100 men, etc. Characterizing the relationship between the individual parts of the whole, the relative values ​​of coordination give them clarity and allow, if possible, to control the observance of optimal proportions.

Relative values ​​of visibility (comparisons) reflect the results of a comparison of indicators of the same name that relate to the same period (or moment) of time, but to different objects or territories (for example, annual labor productivity is compared for two enterprises). They are also calculated in coefficients or percentages and show how many times one comparable value is greater or less than another.

Relative comparison values ​​are widely used in the comparative assessment of various performance indicators of individual enterprises, cities, regions, and countries. In this case, for example, the results of the work of a particular enterprise, etc. are taken as a basis for comparison and are consistently correlated with the results of similar enterprises in other industries, regions, countries, etc.

The second group of relative values, which is the result of a comparison of different statistical indicators, is called relative intensity values.

They are named numbers and show the total of the numerator per one, ten, per hundred units of the denominator.

This group of relative values ​​includes indicators of production per capita; indicators of consumption of food and non-food products per capita; indicators reflecting the provision of the population with material and cultural benefits; indicators characterizing the technical equipment of production and the rational use of resources.

Relative intensity values ​​are indicators that determine the degree of prevalence of a given phenomenon in any environment. They are calculated as the ratio of the absolute magnitude of a given phenomenon to the size of the environment in which it develops. Relative intensity values ​​are widely used in statistical practice. An example of this value can be the ratio of the population to the area on which it lives, capital productivity, the provision of medical care to the population (the number of doctors per 10,000 population), the level of labor productivity (output per employee or per unit of working time), etc.

Thus, relative intensity values ​​characterize the efficiency of using various types of resources (material, financial, labor), the social and cultural standard of living of the country’s population, and many other aspects of social life.

Relative intensity values ​​are calculated by comparing opposite absolute quantities that are in a certain relationship with each other, and, unlike other types of relative quantities, they are usually named numbers and have the dimension of those absolute quantities whose ratio they express. However, in some cases, when the obtained calculation results are too small, they are multiplied for clarity by 1000 or 10,000, obtaining characteristics in ppm and prodecimal.

In the statistical study of social phenomena, absolute and relative values ​​complement each other. If absolute values ​​characterize the static nature of phenomena, then relative values ​​make it possible to study the degree, dynamics, and intensity of development of phenomena. For the correct application and use of absolute and relative values ​​in economic and statistical analysis, it is necessary:

- take into account the specifics of phenomena when choosing and calculating one or another type of absolute and relative quantities (since the quantitative side of phenomena, characterized by these quantities, is inextricably linked with their qualitative side);

- ensure the comparability of the compared and basic absolute values ​​in terms of the volume and composition of the phenomena they represent, the correctness of the methods for obtaining the absolute values ​​themselves;

— comprehensively use relative and absolute values ​​in the analysis process and not separate them from each other (since the use of relative values ​​alone in isolation from absolute ones can lead to inaccurate and even erroneous conclusions).

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Development of plan targets is the process of justifying approved indicators on the basis of calculations and logical analysis of factors that have a significant impact on their value.

This process is creative in nature, since formalized procedures constitute only a certain part, and final decisions are made on the basis of an expert analysis of the results of calculations and a combination of various factors that can only be assessed qualitatively. Strictly speaking, in accordance with the previously given classification, this kind of solutions belongs to the category of semi-creative ones. Moreover, there is a tendency to improve that part of the planning decision-making process that lends itself to formalized calculations.

One of the basic formalized methods for justifying plan targets is direct calculation. This method involves a scrupulous calculation of each quantifiable factor in accordance with the scheme of their relationship (technological, cost estimates, etc.).

Relative values.

At first glance, it seems that this method gives the most reliable results. Moreover, this impression is deceptive, since direct calculations (such as calculations) provide reliable data only regarding accomplished events. As for planned calculations for the future, the uncertainty inherent in future events significantly depreciates the value of direct calculations.

An alternative to direct calculations is the normative method, which allows you to predict future values ​​of key planning indicators based on significantly simpler calculations than when using direct calculations. The root of this method is the multiplication of a standard indicator (always relative) by the value determined by the basic reference indicator. The standard indicator is determined on the basis of an analysis of the current situation and adjustments for the future using expert assessments. The basic indicator is determined on the basis of statistical data or a forecast of their expected value for the planned period.

The balance sheet method occupies a special place in the system of formalized planned calculations. Its meaning is to compare the results of two calculations performed using different methods and for different purposes. The first is the calculation of the need for any resource (material or financial), which is extremely important for the implementation of the plan. The second is the calculation of the possibility of providing an extremely important type of resource to complete the same task. This calculation is made on the basis of an analysis of planned tasks for the production of relevant products or for the formation of the revenue side of the budget. Next, a comparison of needs and opportunities is carried out (as an option - a comparison of the expenditure and revenue parts of the budget).

If the possibilities are equal to or exceed the need, the plan is considered balanced. In this case, the excess of capabilities compared to needs is called a surplus. In those cases when needs exceed capabilities, the plan is considered deficient.

If the deficit (the difference between need and opportunity) is comparable to errors caused by inaccurate prediction of future events (usually no more than 3-4%), then such a plan should be considered balanced. A plan with a significantly larger deficit is obviously impossible to implement. If such a plan is approved, then as it progresses, adjustments are inevitable based on the actual situation. Such a plan cannot be considered scientifically sound. For this reason, its adoption usually has the character of a kind of compromise in the hope that life itself will tell you what needs to be cut back and what will have to be abandoned as the plan progresses, since a priori it is not always possible to predict this with sufficient accuracy.

The most complex method of formalizing planning calculations is the use of economic and mathematical models to optimize planning decisions. This method has many different options based on the use of different mathematical models. They are united by the fact that during the calculations a large number of options are calculated and the best one is determined from the perspective of a given criterion. Moreover, the volume of calculations is such that they can only be performed using electronic computers. The effectiveness of such calculations directly depends on the correspondence of the mathematical model to the assigned tasks.

A formalized planning method also includes “network planning”. In this case, planned calculations are combined with decision-making on operational management. All work and events that must be accomplished to achieve the final goal are depicted in the form of a network graph in accordance with their natural sequence. The duration in time and the amount of funding for each activity are usually estimated using the previously described method of expert assessment. As a result, with the help of a network graph, a “critical path” is identified, which requires increased attention in terms of operational regulation and ensuring the established deadline for completing the entire volume of planned work.

Absolute and relative statistical quantities

The concept of absolute values

Absolute values- these are the results of statistical observations. In statistics, unlike mathematics, all absolute quantities have a dimension (unit of measurement), and can also be positive and negative.

Units of measurement absolute values ​​reflect the properties of units of the statistical population and can be simple, reflecting 1 property (for example, the mass of the cargo is measured in tons) or complex, reflecting several interrelated properties (for example, tonne-kilometer or kilowatt-hour).

Units of measurement absolute values ​​can be 3 types:

1. Natural- used to calculate quantities with homogeneous properties (for example, pieces, tons, meters, etc.). Their disadvantage is that they do not allow the summation of heterogeneous quantities.
2. Conditionally natural- are applied to absolute quantities with homogeneous properties, but manifesting them differently. For example, the total mass of energy carriers (firewood, peat, coal, petroleum products, natural gas) is measured in t.e.f. - tons of standard fuel, since each type has a different calorific value, and 29.3 mJ/kg is taken as the standard. Similarly, the total number of school notebooks is measured in standard units. - conventional school notebooks size 12 sheets.

   Relative values ​​of the planned target and plan implementation

   Similarly, canning production products are measured in u.c.b. - conventional cans with a capacity of 1/3 liter. Similarly, detergent products are reduced to a conditional fat content of 40%.

3. Cost units of measurement are expressed in rubles or other currencies, representing a measure of the value of an absolute value. They make it possible to summarize even heterogeneous values, but their disadvantage is that it is necessary to take into account the inflation factor, therefore statistics always recalculate cost values ​​in comparable prices.

Absolute values ​​can be momentary or interval. Momentary absolute values ​​show the level of the phenomenon or process being studied at a certain point in time or date (for example, the amount of money in your pocket or the value of fixed assets on the first day of the month). Interval absolute values ​​are the final accumulated result for a certain period (interval) of time (for example, salary for a month, quarter or year). Interval absolute values, unlike moment ones, allow subsequent summation.

The absolute statistical value is denoted X, and their total number in the statistical aggregate is N.

The number of quantities with the same attribute value is indicated f and is called frequency(repetition, occurrence).

By themselves, absolute statistical values ​​do not provide a complete picture of the phenomenon being studied, since they do not show its dynamics, structure, and relationships between parts. Relative statistical values ​​are used for these purposes.

Concept and types of relative quantities

Relative statistic is the result of the relationship between two absolute statistical quantities.

If absolute quantities are correlated with the same dimension, then the resulting relative quantity will be dimensionless (the dimension will be reduced) and is called coefficient.

Often used artificial dimension of coefficients. It is obtained by multiplying them:

• for 100 - get interest (%);
• for 1000 - get ppm (‰);
• for 10,000 - get prodecimal(‰O).

The artificial dimension of coefficients is used, as a rule, in colloquial speech and when formulating results, but it is not used in the calculations themselves. Most often, percentages are used, in which it is customary to express the obtained values ​​of relative values.

More often instead of a name relative statistic a shorter synonymous term is used - index(from lat. index- indicator, coefficient).

Depending on the types of correlated absolute values ​​when calculating relative values, different results are obtained. types of indexes: dynamics, plan task, plan implementation, structure, coordination, comparison, intensity.

Dynamics index

Dynamics index(growth coefficient, growth rate) shows how many times the phenomenon or process being studied has changed over time. It is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value in the reporting (analyzed) period or point in time to the base (previous):

The criterion value of the dynamics index is “1”, that is: if iD>1 - there is an increase in the phenomenon over time; if iD=1 - stability; if iD

For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January, and 110 cars in February. Then the dynamics index will be iD = 110/100 = 1.1, which means an increase in car sales by a car dealership by 1.1 times or 10%

Schedule task index

Schedule task index is the ratio of the planned absolute value to the basic value:

For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January, and planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan target index will be iпз= 120/100 = 1.2, which means planning sales growth by 1.2 times or 20%

Plan execution index

Plan execution index is the ratio of the actual absolute value obtained in the reporting period to the planned one:

For example, a car dealership sold 110 cars in February, although it was planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan fulfillment index will be iвп= 110/120 = 0.917, which means the plan is 91.7% fulfilled, that is, the plan is underfulfilled by (100%-91.7%) = 8.3%.

Multiplying the indices of the planned task and plan execution, we obtain the dynamics index:

In the previously discussed example about a car dealership, if we multiply the obtained values ​​of the plan task and plan fulfillment indices, we obtain the value of the dynamics index: 1.2 * 0.917 = 1.1.

Structure index

Structure index(share, specific gravity) is the ratio of any part of a statistical aggregate to the sum of all its parts:

The structure index shows what proportion a particular part of the population makes up of the entire population.

For example, if in the group of students under consideration there are 20 girls and 10 young men, then the structure index (proportion) of girls will be equal to 20/(20+10) = 0.667, that is, the proportion of girls in the group is 66.7%.

Coordination index

Coordination index- this is the ratio of one part of the statistical population to another part of it, taken as the basis of comparison:

The coordination index shows how many times more or what percentage one part of the statistical population is compared to another part taken as the basis of comparison.

For example, if in a group of students of 20 girls and 10 young men, we take the number of girls as a basis for comparison, then the coordination index of the number of young people will be 10/20 = 0.5, that is, the number of young people is 50% of the number of girls in the group.

Comparison index

Comparison index is the ratio of values ​​of the same absolute value in the same period or point in time, but for different objects or territories:

where A, B are characteristics of the objects or territories being compared.

For example, in January 2009, the number of residents in Nizhny Novgorod was approximately 1280 thousand people, and in Moscow - 10527 thousand people.

Let's take Moscow as object A (since it is customary to put a larger number in the numerator when calculating the comparison index), and Nizhny Novgorod as object B, then the comparison index for the number of residents of these cities will be 10527/1280 = 8.22 times, that is, in Moscow the number there are 8.22 times more residents than in Nizhny Novgorod.

Intensity index

Intensity index- this is the ratio of the values ​​of two interrelated absolute quantities with different dimensions, relating to one object or phenomenon.

For example, a bread store sold 500 loaves of bread and earned 10,000 rubles, then the intensity index will be 10,000/500 = 20 [rubles/loaf of bread], that is, the selling price of bread was 20 rubles. for a loaf.

Most fractional quantities are intensity indices.

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Relative indicators

Relative value (indicator)- a statistical quantity that is a measure of the quantitative relationship of statistical indicators and reflects the relative sizes of socio-economic phenomena. This could be: the ratio of the numbers of different sets of phenomena, their individual characteristics; sizes of different features of the same population; the ratio of the planned and actual values ​​of an indicator or the value of an indicator for the current and past time.

A relative quantity is obtained as the quotient of dividing one quantity, usually called current or reporting, to another, which is called basic value, basis of comparison or basis of relative magnitude. The base of a relative value is equal to one or any number that is a multiple of 10 (100, 1000, etc.). In the first case, the relative value is presented in the form of a multiple ratio, showing how many times the current value is greater than the base value, or what proportion the first is in relation to the second. In other cases - as a percentage, ppm (per thousand), etc. The compared values ​​can be either the same name or different names (in the latter case, the relative values ​​have names derived from the names of the compared values, for example, rub/person; rub/sq.m).

The following types of relative quantities are distinguished: plan target; implementation of the plan; speakers; intensity; coordination; structures; comparisons; level of economic development.

Relative value of the planned target- the ratio of the value of the target indicator to the value of the same indicator in the base year.

Relative level of plan implementation- the ratio of the value of an indicator achieved over a period of time (or at some point in time) and its value established according to the plan for the same time. It is of great importance as a means of monitoring and analyzing the implementation of plans. The relative amount of plan implementation is usually expressed as a percentage. The difference between the relative value of plan completion and 100% can be zero, have a positive or negative sign. A difference equal to zero indicates the exact implementation of the plan. If the planned indicator is such that its increase is a positive phenomenon (for example, production), then a difference with a positive sign indicates an overfulfillment of the plan, and a negative difference indicates an underfulfillment. If the nature of the indicator is such that a decrease in its size is positive (for example, labor costs, material consumption per unit of production), then the excess of the actual value over the planned value indicates a failure to fulfill the plan, and if it is less than the planned value, then an overfulfilment of the plan.

The plan target can be expressed in the form of absolute or relative values. In the first case, the relative value of plan implementation is calculated as the ratio of the actual (reported) value to the planned value. In the second, to determine the relative value of plan implementation, it is necessary to find the ratio of the reported value to the one that was accepted as the base value when establishing the plan target, and relate (divide) the resulting relative value to the planned relative value.

Relative magnitude of dynamics- the ratio of the value of the indicator for a given time and its value for any similar previous time, taken as the basis of comparison. The relative magnitude of the dynamics characterizes the degree and rate of change of the indicator over time, in particular the growth rate. The relative magnitude of the dynamics is expressed as a multiple or as a percentage. If there is a series of dynamics of absolute values, then the relative value of the dynamics can be calculated as the ratio of the value of the indicator (the level of the dynamics series) for each subsequent time to its value for the time immediately preceding it or as the ratio to its value for the same time, taken as the base comparisons. In the first case, the relative magnitude of the dynamics is called relative magnitude of dynamics with a variable comparison base, or chain, in the second - with a constant comparison base, or basic The former show how the value of the indicator changes between individual periods of time, and the latter show how its value gradually changes, starting from the initial (basic). Chain and basic relative quantities are widely used to study the rate of development of a phenomenon, to identify its trends and patterns.

If the levels of a series of dynamics are denoted by ( - the serial number of levels from 1 to n ), then the chain relative dynamics are:

basic:

or in general

Relative intensity value- the ratio of the sizes of two qualitatively different phenomena.

One of them is the environment (its size) in which the development of any process, phenomenon occurs or which are generated by it, the other is the process or phenomenon being studied (their magnitude). The relative intensity value characterizes the degree of development (distribution) of a particular process or phenomenon in a certain environment. For example, the ratio between the number of births during the year in a country and the average annual population. When calculating the relative intensity value, the base is equal to 1, 100, 1000, etc. The relative magnitude of intensity is often called intensity factor. For example, fertility rate, marriage rate. They show how many units of one value are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of another quantity with which comparison is made. Relative intensity values ​​are also called relative magnitudes of degree or frequencies.

Relative magnitude of coordination- the ratio of the sizes of the parts to each other. It shows how many units of one part of the whole there are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of its other part. For example, how many women are there per 1000 men (in a country or in a particular region), office workers per 100 workers (at an enterprise, in a certain sector of the national economy). Relative values ​​of coordination make it possible to identify the discrepancy between individual parts of a single whole, between the sizes of heterogeneous but closely interrelated characteristics, and disproportions in the national economy.

Relative comparison value— the ratio of the values ​​of indicators of the same name relating to different objects or different territories. For example, comparing the cost of similar products produced at two enterprises by dividing data for one enterprise by data for another enterprise. Relative comparison values ​​provide a visual representation of the relationship between the compared values ​​and a comparative assessment of objects and regions of the country according to the compared indicator. Relative comparison values ​​are sometimes called relative values ​​of visibility. Relative comparison values ​​are expressed as a multiple ratio (in times, fractions of a unit) or as a percentage.

Relative magnitude of structure- the ratio of the size of a part of a whole and the size of this whole. For example, the ratio of the number of a group of population units that have a certain characteristic to the total number of units of this population (the ratio of the number of women and the number of men separately to the total population; the ratio of the number of different categories of industrial production personnel to its total number), or the ratio parts a certain amount to this amount (the ratio of family expenses on food to the total amount of the expenditure part of its budget; the ratio of costs of materials to the total amount of costs for the production of any product).

The relative value of the structure characterizes the composition, structure of the population, the structure of the process being studied, i.e. their internal structure according to one or another characteristic. Calculated over several periods (instants) of time, they give an idea of ​​changes in the structure, called structural changes, about the patterns of its change.

Topic 3. Absolute, relative and average values

The relative value of the structure is calculated in fractions of a unit or as a percentage.

Relative values ​​of structure are also called relative values ​​of the share, specific gravity.

Relative value of the level of economic development— the ratio of the values ​​of the most important economic indicators (country, region, sector of the national economy) and the population size. For example, the ratio of the annual volume of national economic production and the average annual population. Sometimes relative values ​​of the level of economic development are called relative values ​​of intensity.

Comparison of statistical data is carried out in various forms and in different directions. In accordance with various tasks and areas of comparison of statistical data, various types of relative values ​​are used, the classification of which is presented in Figure 1.

According to the nature, purpose and essence of the expressed quantitative relationships, the following types of relative quantities are distinguished:

1. Implementation of the plan;

2. Planned task;

3. Speakers;

4. Structures;

5. Coordination;

6. Intensity;

7. Comparisons.

Figure 1 - Classification of relative quantities

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPI) are used for the purpose of long-term planning of the activities of subjects of the financial and economic sphere. They are usually expressed as a percentage.

Example. In the first quarter, the trade association's retail turnover amounted to 250 million rubles; in the second quarter, retail turnover is planned at 350 million rubles. Determine the relative value of the planned target.

Solution: GPZ = . Thus, in the second quarter it is planned to increase the retail turnover of the trade association by 40%.

Relative plan performance indicators (RPI) express the degree of fulfillment of planned tasks over a certain period of time. It is calculated as the ratio of the actually achieved level to the planned target as a percentage. They are used to evaluate the implementation of the plan.

Example. According to the plan, the enterprise was supposed to produce products during the quarter in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. In fact, it produced products worth 220 thousand rubles. Determine the degree to which the company's production plan is fulfilled for the quarter.

Solution: OPVP = Consequently, the plan is 110% fulfilled, i.e. the plan was exceeded by 10%.

When the plan is given in the form of a relative indicator (compared to the base level), the implementation of the plan is determined from the ratio of the relative value of the dynamics with the relative value of the plan target.

Example. According to the plan for 1999, labor productivity in the region's industry was supposed to increase by 2.9%. In fact, labor productivity increased by 3.6%. Determine the degree of implementation of the labor productivity plan by the region.

Solution: OPVP = Consequently, the level of labor productivity achieved in 1999 is 0.7% higher than planned.

If the planned target provides for a decrease in the level of the indicator, then the result of comparing the actual level with the planned level, which is less than 100% in value, will indicate that the plan has been exceeded.

Relative dynamics indicators (RDI) are called statistical quantities that characterize the degree of change in the phenomenon being studied over time. They represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past.

The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) one or what proportion of the latter it constitutes. This indicator can be expressed as shares or percentages.

Example. The number of telephone exchanges in Russia in 1996 was 34.3 thousand, and in 1997 - 34.5 thousand. Determine the relative magnitude of the dynamics.

Solution: OPD = times or 100.6%. Consequently, the number of telephone exchanges in 1997 increased by 0.6% compared to 1996.

If data is available for several periods of time, comparison of each given level can be made either with the level of the previous period, or with some other one taken as the basis of comparison (base level). The first ones are called relative indicators of dynamics with a variable comparison base, or chain, the second - relative indicators of dynamics with a constant base of comparison, or basic. Relative dynamics indicators are also called growth rates and growth rates.

There is the following relationship between the relative indicators of the plan target, plan implementation and dynamics: OPPP * OPVP = OPD. Based on this relationship, from any two known indicators it is always possible to determine a third unknown value. To prove this, let us denote the actually achieved level of the current period by , the base period - as , the level provided for by the plan - . Then - the relative indicator of plan implementation, - the relative indicator of the planned task, - the relative indicator of dynamics and, obviously,

Relative structure indicators (RSI) represent the relationship between the part and the whole. Relative indicators of the structure characterize the composition of the population being studied and show what proportion (what proportion) each part of the totality constitutes. They are obtained by dividing the value of each part of the population by their total, taken as the basis for comparison.

Typically, relative indicators of this type are expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage.

Relative indicators of structure make it possible to establish structural shifts, changes that occur over a certain period of time, as well as their direction and trend. They are used when studying the composition of employees, when studying production costs, when studying the composition of trade turnover, etc.

Example. The organization's retail turnover for the year amounted to 1,230.7 thousand rubles, including the turnover of food products - 646.1 thousand rubles, the turnover of non-food products - 584.6 thousand rubles.

Solution: The share of turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year was:

The share of turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year was:

.

The sum of the specific gravity will be 100%. The structure of the organization's retail turnover shows the predominance of food products in the sales of this retail commodity enterprise.

Relative Coordination Indicators (RCI) represent the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population.

Expressed as coefficients.

As a result of this division, we get how many times this part of the totality is greater (less) than the base one, or what percentage of it it is, or how many units of this structural part are per 1 unit, per 100, per 1000, etc. units of another part taken as the basis of comparison.

Example. According to the Russian statistical collection in 1996. in the Russian Federation the number of men was 69.3 million. And 78.3 million women. We determine how many women there were per 100 men.

In 1990 There were 114 women per 100 men. This means that the number of women per 100 men in 1996 was compared to 1990 decreased by 1 person.

Relative coordination values ​​include capital productivity, capital intensity, labor productivity, product consumption per capita, etc.

Development of plan targets is the process of justifying approved indicators based on calculations and logical analysis of factors that have a significant impact on their value.

This process is creative in nature, since formalized procedures make up only a certain part, and final decisions are made on the basis of an expert analysis of the results of calculations and a combination of various factors that can only be assessed qualitatively. Strictly speaking, in accordance with the previously given classification, this kind of solutions belongs to the category of semi-creative ones. Moreover, there is a tendency to improve that part of the planning decision-making process that lends itself to formalized calculations.

One of the main formalized methods for justifying plan targets is direct calculation. This method involves a scrupulous calculation of each quantifiable factor in accordance with the scheme of their relationship (technological, cost estimates, etc.). At first glance, it seems that this method gives the most reliable results. However, this impression is deceptive, since direct calculations (such as costing) provide reliable data only regarding accomplished events. As for planned calculations for the future, the uncertainty inherent in future events significantly depreciates the value of direct calculations.

An alternative to direct calculations is the normative method, which allows you to predict future values ​​of key planning indicators based on significantly simpler calculations than when using direct calculations. This method is based on multiplying the standard indicator (always relative) by the value determined by the basic reference indicator. The standard indicator is determined on the basis of an analysis of the current situation and adjustments for the future using expert assessments. The basic indicator is determined on the basis of statistical data or a forecast of their expected value for the planning period.

The balance sheet method occupies a special place in the system of formalized planned calculations. Its meaning is to compare the results of two calculations performed using different methods and for different purposes. The first is the calculation of the need for any resource (material or financial) necessary to complete the planned task. The second is the calculation of the possibility of providing the necessary type of resource to complete the same task. This calculation is made on the basis of an analysis of planned tasks for the production of relevant products or for the formation of the revenue side of the budget. Next, a comparison of needs and opportunities is carried out (as an option - a comparison of the expenditure and revenue parts of the budget).

If capacity equals or exceeds demand, then the plan is considered balanced. In this case, the excess of capabilities compared to needs is called a surplus. In those cases when needs exceed capabilities, the plan is considered deficient.

If the deficit (the difference between need and opportunity) is comparable to errors caused by inaccurate prediction of future events (usually no more than 3-4%), then such a plan can be considered balanced. A plan with a significantly larger deficit is obviously impossible to implement. If such a plan is approved, then as it is implemented, adjustments are inevitable depending on the actual situation. Such a plan cannot be considered scientifically sound. Therefore, its adoption usually has the character of a kind of compromise in the hope that life itself will tell you what will need to be cut and what will have to be abandoned as the plan is implemented, since a priori it is not always possible to predict this with sufficient accuracy.

The most complex method of formalizing planning calculations is the use of economic and mathematical models to optimize planning decisions. This method has many different options depending on the use of different mathematical models. They are united by the fact that during the calculations a large number of options are calculated and the best one is determined from the perspective of a given criterion. Moreover, the volume of calculations is such that they can only be performed using electronic computers. The effectiveness of such calculations directly depends on the correspondence of the mathematical model to the assigned tasks.

A formalized planning method also includes “network planning”. In this case, planned calculations are combined with decision-making on operational management. All work and events that must be accomplished to achieve the final goal are depicted in the form of a network graph in accordance with their natural sequence. The duration in time and the amount of funding for each activity are usually estimated using the previously described method of expert assessment. As a result, with the help of a network graph, a “critical path” is identified, which requires increased attention in terms of operational regulation and ensuring the established deadline for completing the entire volume of planned work.

Brief theory

The relative value of dynamics is calculated as the ratio of the level of a characteristic in a certain period or point in time to the level of the same characteristic in the previous period or point in time, that is, it characterizes the change in the level of a phenomenon over time.

The relative value of the planned target is calculated as the ratio of the level planned for the upcoming period to the level actually developed in this period:

The relative level of plan implementation is the ratio of the level actually achieved in a given period to the planned level.

The relative values ​​of dynamics, plan target and plan implementation are related by the relationship:

Example of problem solution

Problem 1

The turnover of a commercial company in 2011 amounted to 45,820.7 thousand rubles. with the plan for 2011 – 48540.4 thousand rubles. Turnover in 2010 amounted to 40,340.8 thousand rubles. Calculate the relative indicators of the planned task and plan implementation. Draw a conclusion.

Solution

Plan completion percentage:

The plan for 2011 compared to 2010 provided for an increase in the company's turnover by 20.3%. The plan was fulfilled only 94.4%.

Problem 2

The company planned to increase production output in 2012 compared to 2011 by 18%. The actual production volume amounted to 112.3% of last year's level. Determine the relative performance of the plan.

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Solution

Relative value of the planned target:

The relative value of plan implementation can be found using the formula:

Thus, the company fulfilled the plan to increase production output by only 95.2%.

Problem 3

The company exceeded its product sales plan in the reporting year by 3.8%. The increase in product sales in the reporting year compared to the previous year was 5.6%. Determine what the target was for the growth of product sales.

Solution

Relative level of plan implementation:

Relative magnitude of dynamics:

Relative value of the planned target:

Thus, according to the plan, sales were supposed to increase by 1.7% compared to last year.

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Examples of related problems

Personnel movement indicators
A brief description of the indicators of labor force movement, also using an example to show calculations of staff turnover rates, turnover for hiring and dismissal, total turnover and staff stability.

Relative structure indicators
The page discusses the calculation of the relative indicators of structure (OVS) and coordination (OVC).