Chicken pasteurellosis symptoms. Porcine pasteurellosis

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Cholera or avian pasteurellosis is an infectious disease that is caused by pasteurella and manifests itself with acute symptoms of septicemia with the appearance of a large number of hemorrhages on the mucous and serous membranes.

Historical background

The causative agent of chicken pasteurellosis was first discovered in 1978 by Russian scientist E.M. Zemmer. In 1880, L. Pasteur isolated and was able to grow the pathogen in neutral chicken broth. Directly Pasteurella received its name in 1910 in honor of Pasteur. Eye diseases in chickens and pasteurellosis are observed in all countries of the world with warm and temperate climates; they are very rarely recorded in the northern regions.

The economic damage is quite large and consists of the loss of the necessary slaughter of infected birds, pasteurella carriers of this disease and material costs to carry out preventive and health measures. Mortality can reach 60-90%.

Characteristics of pasteurellosis

Susceptible to this disease more than 70 species of wild birds and all types of domestic birds. This pathology is most severe in geese, chickens, turkeys and ducks. Mammals - rabbits, rats, mice, and rarely pigs and cats - can also become infected with pasteurellosis.

Source of infection– sick and ill birds, most of all corpses. In which Pasteurella significantly increases pathogenicity. When chickens peck at a bird that has died from pasteurellosis, an acute form of infection occurs, and they die after 4-5 days. Because great attention You need to pay attention to the timely removal of corpses from the chicken coop.

In addition to corpses, pasteurella is perfectly preserved in moist soil and reservoirs. But a viable virus is rarely observed in manure. Also, these microorganisms are very sensitive to direct sunlight.

Weakened pathogens can be transmitted through eggs without interfering with the development of the embryo. The chicken that hatches from this egg will be a carrier and certain conditions may cause an outbreak of pasteurellosis in the entire population. Aggressive varieties of Pasteurella cause embryo death on days 10-12 of incubation. If you do not remove dead embryos from the incubator, they will infect other eggs.

Symptoms of pasteurellosis

As a rule, chickens suffer from pasteurellosis in pullets at the age of 60-80 days, broilers at 32-37 days, and laying hens at the time of spreading - 130-160 days. The disease is promoted by high humidity in winter and spring and temperature fluctuations. The disease can occur in acute and chronic form. The incubation period is quite short, from 14 hours to several days, taking into account the aggressiveness of the pathogen.

The acute stage of the disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

Death occurs 24-70 hours after the first symptoms appear. The mortality rate ranges from 40-70% or higher. The surviving chickens are dehydrated, emaciated, have lifelong eye diseases and remain carriers of this disease for the entire time. In laying hens that have recovered from the disease, egg production is greatly reduced for several years.

Chronic stage

This stage of the disease may appear after the acute stage or during infection with slightly aggressive Pasteurella species. Symptoms of chronic disease will be the following:

The chronic stage of the disease is accompanied by a significant decrease in productivity and exhaustion of the bird and lasts several months.

Diagnosis of the disease

Since pathological changes are not very pronounced, they play an important role in diagnosing the disease. bacteriological data. The bird corpses are then sent to the laboratory for examination. If the chicken had an acute form of the disease, then a day after inoculating the cadaveric blood, an active increase in bacteria occurs.

The spleen and liver are certainly examined, from which smears are taken, and with the help of microscopic examination, colored bipolars characteristic of this disease can be seen. In addition, in laboratory conditions, experimental animals are often infected with isolated cultures, this way one can make sure that the disease has been correctly diagnosed.

During an autopsy of a chicken suffering from a chronic or acute form of the disease, it is determined improper bleeding. The muscles of these birds become blue, and small hemorrhages form in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs, ovaries and spleen.

In chickens suffering from an acute form of the disease, necrotic foci appear containing fibrin impurities.

Differential diagnosis

In an adult large cattle great attention must be paid to the exclusion of emphysematous carcinoma, piroplasmosis and anthrax, in young animals - salmonellosis, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, respiratory viral infections (infectious rhinogracheitis, parainfluenza-3, etc.) and colibacillosis, which manifest themselves according to the type enzootic bronchopneumonia.

Pasteurellosis in pigs must be differentiated from salmonellosis, erysipelas and plague, in sheep - from piroplasmosis, anthrax, streptococcal infection and clostridiosis.

In chickens - spirochetosis, Newkael's disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and mycoplasmosis.

The basis of the differential diagnosis for the above and other diseases that manifest themselves as mass enteritis and pneumonia is is a comprehensive method of examination, in which the results laboratory research are crucial.

How to treat and what to do?

In order for the treatment of chickens to be successful, it is necessary to completely review their feeding and housing conditions. Attention should also be paid to the administration of symptomatic drugs.

Veterinarians often use tetracycline antibiotics and hyperimmune polyvalent serum. Also used in treatment:

• terramycin;
• chloramphenicol;
• chlortetracycline extract.

To more modern drugs, those capable of curing disease in poultry include:

• levo erythrocycline extract;
• cobactan suspension;
• trisulfone.

Preventive measures consist of following sanitary rules, and it is necessary to promptly isolate and neutralize the bird that is the carrier of the disease. Also to all the chickens in the poultry house, and best of all to all the animals in household carry out preventive vaccination.

Whenever an infected chicken has been identified, it will certainly withdraws from healthy birds, and sick birds cannot move freely outside and inside the farm. Walking areas, chicken coops themselves, as well as all existing equipment are treated several times with a disinfectant composition.

Attention: Chickens that have already had pasteurellosis will not only reduce their egg production, but they will also last day life will be carriers of infection.

Therefore, all sick chickens must be disposed of. If there are clinically healthy chickens in the poultry house, then they are required to take antibacterial agents for a week as treatment.

Farmers need Introduce active ingredients into complementary foods:

• Oxytetracyclinum, Doxycyclin and Tetracyclinum should be added to the feed once a day. Dosage 50 mg per kilogram of weight.
• Chloramphenicol is added to the feed 3 times a day. Dose 60 mg per kilogram of weight.
• Spectama B 1 gr. for 1 liter of water.
• Norsulfazole 0.5 g. 2 times a day.
• Florona 2-3 ml per 1 liter of water.
• Aquaprima 1.5 ml per kilogram of feed.

Vaccination and inoculations

Considering that the causative agent of the disease has a different structure, it is very important to determine vaccine strain. Provocateurs that cause disease can for a long time be in a corpse (about 4 months), in frozen meat (up to one year), in cold water and in droppings (up to one month).

A good natural vaccination against the pathogen is exposure to ultraviolet lamps and sunlight. Also, an excellent combination can be made by treating with a composition of Ca (ClO)2 (1%), as well as Ca (OH)2, a solution of 5% C6H6O.

There are also inactivated and live vaccines to treat this disease. The latter drugs have a residual effect and may cause side effects. 6-7 days before their use, chickens must stop administering antibacterial drugs. Therefore, as a rule, farmers use dead vaccines.

Please note: Vaccinations are required. only healthy birds who are already more than one month old. Immunity can last up to six months, after which the entire procedure must be repeated.

In order to suppress an outbreak of the disease as quickly as possible, inactivated vaccines are used simultaneously with antibacterial treatment. Vaccination is carried out before, after or on the same day using antibiotics. The entire course of treatment must last at least five days.

Vaccines for the treatment of pasteurellosis:

• Emusia and suspension from NPP Avivak LLC.
• Sorbed inactivated suspension VNIVIP against pasteurellosis.
• Polyvalent formolvaccine vaccine Diavak LLC NPF.
• A complex vaccine that saves against three main bacterial diseases. LLC NPP Avivak. This associated suspension is also used for the treatment of colibacteriosis, salmonella.

Is pasteurellosis in chickens dangerous for humans?

People can also become infected with this disease. This happens during contact with an infected chicken. The infection can enter the human body not through the mucous membrane, but through microcracks or wounds that break the skin.

Inflammations or abscesses may appear on the skin, therefore, in an infected poultry house, farmers must always wear protective gloves and special clothing.

Very rarely, people can become infected through airborne droplets. In this case, a person experiences inflammation of the meninges and ear, as well as osteomyelitis.

Attention: All employees farm Before working with infected chickens, they must be instructed. They must know, how to follow safety rules during contact, maintain personal hygiene, know the symptoms, and at the first manifestations of this disease, contact a medical institution, where the necessary treatment will be carried out.

Is it possible to eat meat if chickens have pasteurellosis?

Of course, farmers are most often interested in the losses they may incur after an attack by this disease. The good news is that chicken meat can be eaten when it has undergone thorough heat treatment. Exterminators still advise completely eliminating infected chickens and the meat of affected poultry.

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Pasteurellosis or avian cholera is considered to be a pathology of bacterial origin that affects almost all types of domestic and wild birds. If a chicken has one or two eyes constantly closed, this may be one of the first signs of a developing disease.

Pasteurellosis was first studied at the end of the 18th century by a French scientist. Louis Pasteur, when he microbiologically identified its infectious agent - Pasterella multocida.

Even taking into account that the disease has been studied quite well, it still causes significant damage to poultry farms. Outbreaks of pasteurellosis epidemics are recorded throughout the country. The infection usually affects birds in private sectors and in stationary poultry farms, where there is no proper sanitary control.

Pasterella multocida under the microscope is a gram-negative ovoid rod. It is immobile and demonstrates active growth in a normal nutrient medium. Staining using the Romanowsky-Giemsa method shows bipolar structure. The infectious agent has poor survival rate during external environments, dies when heated, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, under the influence of anti-infective agents. There are four types of Pasteurella: A, B, D, E. Serotypes are also divided into subtypes. Pasterella multocida produces exotoxic substances.

The main provoking factor for pasteurellosis is the entry of new batches of infected birds into a healthy farm. Newly arrived birds are often in the incubation stage or are carriers of the bacilli. Source of infection– sick or recovered birds, in particular their dead carcasses. In chicken corpses, Pasteurella increases its pathogenic activity several times. If chickens begin to peck birds that have died from this disease, they risk instantly contracting the acute form and dying within three days. This is why it is so important to promptly dispose of dead birds from the chicken coop.

In addition to dead carcasses, the infection can persist for a long time in stagnant water and damp soil. In manure pits, the viability of microbes is close to zero. Direct sunlight also leaves no chance for bacteria to survive.

A weakened pathogen can be transmitted through an egg. In this case, Pasteurella will not harm the embryo, but the chicken hatched from such a shell will become a carrier of the bacilli and at any time can become the culprit of infection of the entire flock.

It is possible that the infection could have been introduced by a person who had contact with infected birds. There are episodes when the cause pasteurellosis outbreaks feed became infected with chicken excrement.

Pasteurellosis is an infectious disease that can occur in acute, subacute or chronic forms.

Both meat and egg-laying chickens, as well as geese, ducks, quails, and turkeys, are susceptible to infection. Young chickens are especially sensitive to pasteurellosis.

Old birds have greater resistance. Having recovered from the disease, the bird becomes a lifelong carrier of the bacilli. As soon as resistance decreases, it begins to spread the infection.

Historical background

As can be seen from the records, the disease has been known to people for a long time, but its nature was established only in the 19th century.

Pasteurellosis was first described in 1877 by D. Rivolt.

A year later E.M. Semmer discovered the causative agent of the disease in chickens.

Much work to identify the nature of pasteurellosis was done by L. Pasteur.

In 1880, the scientist identified the pathogen and was able to obtain it in pure culture. Thanks to his work, active specific prevention was developed.

It was in honor of his discoveries that the name was established Pasterella.

Pasteurellosis affects birds all over the world.. In Russia, the disease has been detected in all regions, and the highest incidence has been recorded in the middle zone.

Outbreaks are recorded annually in several dozen places. What makes the situation worse is the fact that not only poultry, but also animals are susceptible to this disease. The economic damage is significant. Sick chickens sharply reduce their productivity.

In areas where the disease is detected, birds have to be sent for slaughter, expenses are spent on purchasing new young animals, and preventive and health measures are carried out. The incidence rate in birds is 90%, and up to 75% of them are fatal.

Pathogens

Pasteurellosis occurs due to Pasteurella P. Haemolytica and P. Multocida, which are ellipsoidal rods.

They are located in isolation and do not form spores. They are characterized by bipolar coloring in blood and organ smears.

Given the heterogeneity of the structure of P. Multocida, it is especially important to select vaccine strains.

Pasteurella, which causes pasteurellosis, can live for a long time in frozen meat (up to 1 year), in corpses (up to 4 months), much less in cold water (2-3 weeks) and manure.

Direct sunlight kills them well. Treatment with a 5% solution of carbolic acid and milk of lime, and a solution of bleach (1%) also helps well.

Symptoms and forms of the disease

As a rule, chickens become infected through the mucous membrane of the pharynx and upper respiratory tract.

This does not exclude infection through the digestive tract and damaged skin.

As soon as microbes enter the bird’s body, they immediately begin to multiply.

The incubation period can last a different number of days. The nature of the disease depends on the form of the disease.

Super acute

The bird suddenly falls ill. Outwardly she looks healthy, does not show any signs of illness, but at one point she falls dead due to intoxication.

Acute

This form is the most common. The bird appears lethargic and appears to be depressed. At the same time, her temperature rises to 43 °C, and pronounced cyanosis appears on the comb and barbs.

A foamy yellowish fluid may be discharged from the nose. The bird stops eating, but drinks a lot and greedily. The acute form is characterized by mucous diarrhea. With this form, chickens do not live more than 1-3 days.

Chronic

After the acute form, the chronic form may begin.

After an apparent recovery, the bird’s joints of the legs and wings become swollen, and necrosis of the barbs may appear.

At autopsy in chickens suffering from acute and subacute forms, poor bleeding of the carcass is detected.

They have cyanotic muscles, small hemorrhages on the serous membranes of the liver, intestines, spleen, ovaries, and foci of inflammation in the lungs.

In birds that had a chronic form, there are necrotic foci mixed with fibrin.

Diagnostics

Due to the fact that pathological and anatomical changes and the clinical picture are not specific enough, bacteriological diagnosis plays a major role in diagnosing the disease.

The bird corpses are taken to the laboratory and examined. In the acute form of the disease, one day after sowing blood from the corpse, a net growth of the culture is visible.

A smear is taken from the liver and spleen, and upon microscopic examination it is possible to see colored bipolars characteristic of pasteurellosis.

In addition, experimental animals are infected with the isolated culture to ensure that the analysis obtained is correct.

Treatment

Treatment comes down to improving housing and feeding conditions, as well as the use of symptomatic remedies.

Veterinarians often use hyperimmune polyvalent serum and tetracycline antibiotics ( biomycin, levomycin, terramycin).

More modern drugs for the treatment of pasteurellosis in chickens include trisulfone, cobactan suspension, and levoerythrocycline.

Prevention and control measures

Prevention lies in proper compliance with the rules sanitary hygiene, timely isolation and neutralization of chickens carrying the infection, as well as preventive vaccinations.

When identifying sick birds it is necessary to separate them from healthy, stop the movement of birds inside and outside the farm. Poultry houses, paddocks and all equipment are thoroughly disinfected.

Overgrown paddocks must be mowed, exposed to insolation and plowed. The birds' diet includes vitamin feed and supplements.

If the outbreak affects the entire poultry house, it is advisable to slaughter all the chickens. During illness, the removal of carcasses, chickens, and eggs from the farm should be stopped. Quarantine lasts at least a month from the date of discovery of the death the last bird. Healthy livestock are vaccinated.

It is better to prevent pasteurellosis than to fight it later. The disease is dangerous, characterized by mass death of chickens. Poultry owners should have information about this disease in order to protect laying hens from harm in time.

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Pasteurellosis is a serious infectious disease that affects many domestic birds. Infection with this disease can dramatically affect the health of the poultry, so the farmer will have to not only treat the chickens, but also correctly identify the symptoms of their disease. Read on to learn what pasteurellosis is in chickens and how to treat it.

Pasteurellosis is a disease that appears after a bird is infected with gram-negative bacteria - Pasteurella P. Haemolytica and P. Multocida. These bacteria have an elliptical shape, do not have spores and, if you look under a microscope, they are located in isolation. It should be noted that pasteurella can have different types and, accordingly, different structures; in fact, it is these factors that cause difficulty in treatment. Domestic chickens are typically infected with Type A bacteria by Carter's standards. Especially such pasteurella actively develop in the body of young chickens, whose age is up to four months.

The disease appears in birds as a result of contact with wild birds, thus it is transmitted. Or from sick chickens to healthy ones. It is noteworthy that when infected, the pathogen can remain in an inactive phase for quite a long time, while being right in the room, that is, the chicken coop. Pasteurellosis can often be found in other unhygienic places. Accordingly, this is why it is very important to monitor the cleanliness of the barn, as well as to carry out preventive maintenance in a timely manner.

If we take into account the heterogeneity of the structure of the bacterium, it is very difficult to select the necessary vaccine. It should also be noted that in addition to bedding, pasteurellosis bacteria can live up to thirteen months in frozen meat and up to four months in the corpses of dead individuals. Pasteurella usually live in excrement and cold water for no more than 21 days, and they quickly die when exposed to sunlight.

Symptoms of manifestation

Before talking about treatment, you should understand what the symptoms of the disease are. Since there can be two forms of its occurrence, the symptoms are different. The acute form manifests itself, as a rule, when the conditions for keeping the birds are not observed and the chickens are fed with low-quality food. In any case, the bird will be lethargic and practically stop eating. At later stages, it will begin to wheeze and have difficulty breathing, foam will be released from the mucous membrane, and the bird will hardly move.

Since pasteurellosis manifests itself quickly in the body and is usually accompanied by multiple symptoms, it is quite easy to identify.

Acute symptoms

So, what are the symptoms of the acute form of the disease:

1. The first is the ruffled feathers. If you look closely, the plumage will also be duller.
2. Secondly, the chickens' excrement will turn gray and there will also be traces of blood in it. Overall they will look more like slime.
3. Thirdly, foam or mucus will be released from the mucous membranes of the body. There is fluid coming out of the nose and mouth, there can be a lot of it.
4. Kura began to breathe heavily, in addition to this, she periodically wheezes.
5. The bird is no longer as active as before. She is lethargic, apathetic to everything that happens around her, it may even seem that she is depressed. In addition, an infected chicken will soon begin to limp if left untreated.
6. The chicken stops eating, but at the same time drinks a lot.
7. The bird has a very high temperature, which can rise to 43 degrees.

It should be noted that if such symptoms are not treated, the maximum chicken can live is three to four days. But since the disease can also occur in a chronic form, there may not be many signs of its manifestation. With a chronic disease, the bird can be sick for up to 30 days, but after this period it will also die. Of course, if treatment is not organized.

Symptoms of the chronic form

As for the symptoms of the chronic form:

• the bird begins to experience an inflammatory process in the joints of its paws, this will be noticeable just by looking at its legs;
• the comb and beard become darker;
• the chicken's earrings and comb will increase significantly in size;
• The bird's condition is depressed and she has a poor appetite.

If you have identified at least one of these symptoms in your bird, then it is urgently necessary to isolate it from the rest of the brood and begin treating the sick individual. But not all poultry farmers agree to treat sick birds, since treatment is expensive, and in most cases the birds still die. But even if the chicken can survive, it will remain a carrier of the infection and, accordingly, will infect other, healthy chickens.

When diseased individuals are killed and dissected, they show poor bleeding. In particular, the muscles of the dead chicken are very blue, of an unnatural color, and hemorrhages can be seen on the serous membranes of the internal organs. In addition, the focus of inflammation can be seen during autopsy in the lungs. In birds that have recovered from the chronic form, the internal organs are affected by lesions mixed with fibrin.

Treatment methods

As you already understand, in most cases, treatment of chickens infected with pasteurellosis is useless, since the birds mostly die. According to the rules of the SES and the Association of Veterinarians, pasteurellosis in domestic birds, in particular in chickens, cannot be treated, so it is prohibited. To prevent infection of the entire brood, it is better to kill the affected individual. This is also due to the fact that as a result of treatment, the infection, as a rule, becomes chronic, causing the bird to become a carrier of the disease.

But you can save a chicken if the infection is noticed at an early stage. To do this, use a solution of tetracycline and aqueous solution norsulfazole. As practice shows, veterinarians Usually biomycin, terramycin or levomycin are used, as well as hyperimmune serum. In general, treatment comes down to improving the living conditions of birds and their nutrition. As for the paws of infected individuals, they should be smeared with a special ointment; in any case, you should consult a doctor.

The infection is very difficult to treat and treatment is usually futile, so it is best to prevent it.

Of the new drugs that can help with treatment, it is worth highlighting:

• the drug trisulfone;
• medication cobactan suspension;
• levoerythrocycline.

According to many experienced specialists, new drugs always help better than old ones, since during their production all the shortcomings characteristic of older drugs are taken into account. But this is not always true. In practice, these three medications listed above often really help. But according to feedback from farmers, sometimes they are simply useless. In what cases this happens, unfortunately, is not yet known.

Prevention measures

Since it is better to prevent an infection than to treat it, let’s consider the issue of prevention methods. First of all, the main preventive measure is compliance with all norms sanitary requirements. Please note that if your barn is dirty and damp, then you should not wonder why there is pasteurellosis. Unsanitary conditions for pasteurella bacteria - best option for their life and development.

In addition, it is necessary to promptly detect infected individuals so that carriers can be isolated from the rest of the brood. If chickens move freely on your farm, they will infect more than one bird. Therefore, affected individuals are isolated away from other, healthy birds.