Mezen wood painting or palaschel painting - a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed at the beginning 19th century in the lower reaches of the river Mezen.

Mezen painting is one of the most ancient Russian artistic crafts. Its origins are lost in the distant centuries of the initial formation of the Slavic tribes.

The objects are densely dotted with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - “earth paint”, ocher. The main motifs of the geometric ornament - solar disks, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of triangular-notched carving.

Among the ornaments are friezes with stylized schematic images of horses and deer, which begin and end at the boundaries of the object. Made in black and red colors, the animal figures seem to emerge from a geometric pattern. All images are very static and only through repeated repetition does a feeling of dynamics arise.

The images on the back of the spinning wheel were less saturated with ornamentation and more free in plot. Here you can see genre scenes written in a childish, naive manner: hunting, a steamship, the same horses, only frolicking in the wild.

The finished product was painted on clean, unprimed wood, first with ocher using a wooden stick (vice) worn at the end, then a black outline was made with a capercaillie or black grouse feather, and a pattern was applied with a brush made of human hair.

The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from being erased and gave the product a golden color.

Gorodets painting- Russian folk artistic craft. It has existed since the mid-19th century in the area of ​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Gorodets painting originates from carved Gorodets spinning wheels, which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. To decorate the Donets Gorodets, the craftsmen used a unique technique - inlay: figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into a recess of the appropriate shape. Inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. Thus, having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.

Later, craftsmen began to use tinting for visual richness, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, and red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful.

The need to increase the production of spinning bottoms prompted the craftsmen to simplify the decorative technique. From the second half of the 19th century, the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay began to be replaced by simply carving with tint, and since the 1870s, the picturesque style of decoration has prevailed on the Gorodetsky Donets.

In Nizhny Novgorod paintings, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovsk and Gorodets paintings, which were used to decorate chests, arcs, sleighs, children's furniture, bottoms for spinning wheels and many small household items. The Gorodets style is distinguished primarily by its content. In the paintings, the main impression is given by genre scenes. All these images are conventional in nature, very free and decorative in form, and sometimes border on caricature. This is the life of the peasantry, merchants, a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place is occupied by floral motifs - lush “roses”, painted broadly and decoratively. Along with genre realistic motifs in Gorodets paintings there are also idealized, decorative images of birds and animals.

There are exotic lions and leopards. Especially often is the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in a proud, warlike pose. Most often these are paired images, heraldically facing each other. Gorodets painting masters love flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets. Where the plot allows, craftsmen willingly use the motif of a lush curtain, picked up by a cord with tassels. The decorativeness of the motifs is emphasized by the decorativeness of color and techniques. Favorite backgrounds are bright green or intense red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which the multicolored Gorodets color splashes especially lushly.

Painting is done with a brush, without preliminary drawing, with a free and juicy stroke. It is very diverse - from a broad stroke to the finest line and virtuoso stroke. The work of the master is fast and economical. Therefore, it is very generalized, simple in its techniques, and free in the movement of the brush.

Zhostovo painting - folk craft artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.

The history of Zhostovo and Zhostovo craft dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when in a number of Moscow region villages and hamlets of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district of the Moscow region) - Zhostovo, Ostashkovo, Khlebnikov, Troitsky and others - workshops arose for the production of painted lacquered products from papier-mâché .

The appearance of the Zhostovo painted tray is associated with the surname of the Vishnyakov brothers. The Vishnyakovs’ price list stated: “The Vishnyakov brothers’ establishment of lacquered metal trays, breadcrumbs, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums, etc. has existed since 1825.”

In 1830, the production of trays in the surrounding villages increased. The first metal trays appeared, decorated with decorative floral paintings. Iron trays gradually replaced snuff boxes and other “paper” crafts from the workshops of the Trinity volost. The advantageous location near the capital ensured the fishery permanent market sales and made it possible to do without the intermediary of buyers. All materials necessary for production were purchased in Moscow. The main motive of Zhostovo painting is flower bouquet.

In the original art of Zhostovo masters, a realistic sense of the living form of flowers and fruits is combined with decorative generality, akin to Russian folk brush painting on chests, birch bark boxes, spinning wheels, etc.

In 1922, in the village of Novoseltsevo, the “Novoseltsevo Labor Artel” arose to produce lacquered iron trays; in 1924, the Zhostovo Labor Artel and Spetskustar were organized in villages; in 1925 - "Vacifier" and at the same time in the village of Troitskoye - the "Own Labor" artel for painting trays. All of them were united in 1928 into a specialized artel "Metal Tray" in the village.

The 1920s - 1930s were not easy in the history of Zhostovo. The tendencies common to Soviet art for the straightforward affirmation of modernity and realism led to the fact that organizations in charge of folk crafts tried to change the traditional direction of their development and introduced into Zhostovo painting samples of ornamental and thematic compositions created by professional artists without taking into account the specifics of local art and bearing features of easel and naturalism. Leading artists understood the foreignness of such innovations to the very essence of folk art, managed to resist them and direct new ideas to deepen traditional craftsmanship. In the 1960s it began new stage in the history of Zhostovo, which continues to this day.

Artistic painting trays increasingly gained high authority and popularity not only with mass-produced products, but also with unique works by leading masters, which increasingly attracted attention at numerous exhibitions in the country and abroad. Over the course of their history, Zhostovo trays have transformed from a household item into independent decorative panels, and the craft, which once served as an aid to agriculture, acquired the status of a unique type of Russian folk art.

Today, decorative painting is on the rise. They imitate Zhostovo, trying to imitate the style and even the author’s manners of the artists.

Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver) and the master works on several trays at once. The main motif of the painting is a simple floral bouquet in which large garden and small wildflowers alternate.

According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration. Trays are shaped like round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval, etc.

Khokhloma- an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. When painting, it is not gold, but silver tin powder that is applied to the tree. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

The painting looks bright, although the background is black. The colors used are: red, yellow, gold, orange, green, blue and black background. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.

It is assumed that Khokhloma painting originated in the 17th century on the left bank of the Volga, in the villages of Bolshie and Malye Bezdeli, Mokushino, Shabashi, Glibino, Khryashi. The village of Khokhloma was a major sales center where finished products were brought, and that’s where the name of the painting came from. Currently, the village of Kovernino in the Nizhny Novgorod region is considered the birthplace of Khokhloma.

At the moment, there are many versions of the origin of Khokhloma painting.

According to the most common version, a unique method of painting wooden utensils “like gold” in the forest Trans-Volga region and the very birth of the Khokhloma craft was attributed to Old Believers.

Even in ancient times, among the residents of local villages, securely hidden in the wilderness of forests, there were many “leaks,” that is, people fleeing persecution for the “old faith.”

Among the Old Believers who moved to Nizhny Novgorod, there were many icon painters and masters of book miniatures. They brought with them ancient icons and handwritten books with colorful headpieces, they brought subtle painting skills, free-hand calligraphy and samples of the richest floral designs.

In turn, local craftsmen were excellent at turning, passing on from generation to generation the skills of making tableware forms and the art of three-dimensional carving. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, the forest Trans-Volga region became a real artistic treasure. The art of Khokhloma inherited from the Volga masters the “classical forms” of turning utensils, the plasticity of the carved shapes of ladles and spoons, and from the icon painters - the pictorial culture, the skill of the “fine brush”. And, no less important, the secret of making “golden” dishes without the use of gold.

Currently, Khokhloma painting has two centers - the city of Semenov, where the Khokhloma Painting and Semenovskaya Painting factories are located, and the village of Semino, Koverninsky district, where the Khokhloma Artist enterprise operates, uniting craftsmen from the villages of the Koverninsky region: Semino, Kuligino, Novopokrovskoye etc. (the factory is located in the village of Semino). At the moment, the activity of the enterprise has been reduced to almost zero. In the village of Semino there is also an enterprise that has been producing wooden boxes with Khokhloma painting for 19 years (Promysel LLC).

How are products with Khokhloma painting created? First, they beat the thumbs, that is, they make rough wooden blanks. Then the master stands behind lathe, removes excess wood with a cutter and gradually gives the workpiece the desired shape. This is how the base turns out - “linen” (unpainted products) - carved ladles and spoons, supplies and cups.

After drying, the “linen” is primed with liquid purified clay—wapa, as the craftsmen call it. After priming, the product is dried for 7-8 hours and must be manually coated with several layers of drying oil (linseed oil). The master dips a special swab made from sheep or calf leather, turned inside out, into a bowl of drying oil, and then quickly rubs it into the surface of the product, turning it so that the drying oil is distributed evenly. This operation is very responsible. The quality of wooden utensils and the strength of the painting will depend on it in the future. During the day, the product will be covered with drying oil 3-4 times. The last layer is dried to a “slight tack” - when the drying oil slightly sticks to the finger, no longer staining it.

The next stage is “tinning”, that is, rubbing aluminum powder into the surface of the product. It is also performed manually using a sheepskin tampon. After tinning, the objects acquire a beautiful white-mirror shine and are ready for painting. Oil paints are used in painting. The main colors that determine the character and recognition of Khokhloma painting are red and black (cinnabar and soot), but others are also allowed to enliven the pattern - brown, light-colored greens, yellow.

There is a distinction between “top” painting (when a pattern is applied on a painted silver background (criul is the main line of the composition; elements such as sedges, droplets, antennae, curls, etc.) are “planted” on it in red and black) and “under the background” (first outline is drawn ornament , and then the background is filled with black paint, the leaf or flower design remains golden). In addition, there are various types of ornaments:

• “gingerbread” - usually inside a cup or dish there is a geometric figure - a square or a rhombus - decorated with grass, berries, flowers;
• “grass” - a pattern of large and small blades of grass;
• “Kudrina” - leaves and flowers in the form of golden curls on a red or black background.

Masters also use simplified ornaments. For example, “speckled”, which is applied with a stamp cut from the plates of a puffball mushroom, or with a specially folded piece of fabric. All products are hand-painted, and the painting is not repeated anywhere. No matter how expressive the painting may be, as long as the pattern or background remains silver, it is not yet real “Khokhloma”.

The painted products are coated with a special varnish 4-5 times and finally hardened for 3-4 hours in an oven at a temperature of +150... +160 °C until a golden-colored oil-varnish film is formed. This is how the famous “golden Khokhloma” is obtained.

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Russian wooden utensils: spoons, ladles, Khokhloma painting

It was getting dark. On the table, shining, the evening samovar hissed

Tea in Russian. Monuments to SAMOVAR! (continuation of the Topic)

Intricate lines, fairy-tale characters, literary scenes on tablets and trays are still relevant today. Homes and offices are decorated with original products; they look great in almost any environment. Today, in a review by the Homius editors, we’ll talk about something amazing – wood painting. Hand-painted souvenirs make a wonderful gift for any occasion; in addition, this painting technique makes it now fashionable to decorate dishes, musical instruments And . In this article you will get acquainted with the main types, as well as techniques and techniques for painting on wood.

There are a huge variety of types, subspecies and techniques of artistic painting on wood. Today we will look at the most popular ones.

Mezen and Petrikovskaya wood painting

The main subjects of Mezen painting are the depiction of forest inhabitants and horses. The second name of the direction is palaschel painting. We can highlight the characteristic features of the technique:

• red and black ornaments;
• the picture is complemented by fractional patterns: stars, diamonds, disks, dashes and crosses;
• repeated repetition of patterns creates a feeling of movement.

Mezen painting is applied to unprimed wood. First, red ocher is used, then the patterns are outlined with black paint.

Petrikovskaya painting is characterized as floral, in most cases it is floral, as well as the image of some berries. Fantastic drawings are created on their basis.

The painting is applied without a preliminary outline, so a good eye and manual dexterity are important for the craftsmen. A thin brush and plant stems are used as a tool. Berries can be drawn with your finger.

Gzhel and Gorodets painting

Gzhel cannot be confused with any type of artistic painting, characteristic feature folk art - lush blue compositions on a white background. Despite the complex subjects, the work is carried out without a preliminary sketch. Initially, only children's toys and apothecary vessels were decorated with painting. Only at the beginning of the nineteenth century were factories built to produce porcelain, which was subsequently decorated with Gzhel painting.

The characteristic features of Gzhel are voluminous agashka roses, landscapes with winter scenes, fairy tale scenes, for example, children on a sled or villagers saying goodbye to winter. After applying the design, the products are covered with glaze and placed for firing.

The application technique consists of several stages:

• applying the background;
• drawing large colored elements;
• working on small details with a thin brush;
• applying additional strokes of white paint to add contrast.

The basis of applied Gorodets painting is the revitalization of a bright pattern with white strokes. Craftsmen on wood depicted stately black horses with thin legs, proud roosters with bushy tails, as well as various scenes from the life of merchants. Each was to be decorated with bouquets and flower wreaths.

In the old days, beautiful patterns were used to decorate boxes and bread bins, spoons and caskets, children's toys, as well as shutters and other household items. The horse-cart was especially popular.

Khokhloma and Zhostovo painting

The main feature of Khokhloma is a black or yellow background on which fancy images are depicted. The idea of ​​a gilding design, without the use of gold, is taken from ancient icon painting techniques, which are based on the application of silver, oil and subsequent sealing of the design high temperature. From this, the drying oil began to give off a golden tint.

Main color range:

• gold;
• red;
• black.

As a complement, use yellow and green shades. The drawing is applied without a preliminary sketch. Traditional elements - rowan, strawberry, twigs and. There are also images of fauna representatives.

Initially, Zhostovo painting was used only to decorate metal trays, but a few years later they began to decorate wood as well. Main idea technique – depiction of flower arrangements on a black background. Large plants were located in the center, smaller plants were located at the edges. Shadows were also drawn, this created a sense of volume. Additives to the dye in the form of gold leaf, metal powder and mother-of-pearl gave the design a special glow from the inside.

Other types of wood painting

It is worth noting several more types of wood painting that remain popular in our time.

Features of preparing a wooden blank for painting

To learn how to correctly paint a piece of wood, you must first prepare it. The whole process consists of several stages:

1. First of all, choose the right workpiece. There should be no knots on it, which after drying can simply fall out of the craft.
2. If knots are still present, they should be removed and the holes. You can only use wood putty.
3. The workpiece should simply lie indoors for several days and dry. You should not place it near to dry; elevated temperatures may cause it to become deformed.
4. Sand the surface first with medium-grain sandpaper, then with fine-grain sandpaper.
5. workpiece, for which dilute PVA glue with water in equal proportions and cover the surface with a wide brush. It is important to avoid smudges and untreated areas.
6. Dry the workpiece for several hours.
7. Polish with fine sandpaper. If necessary, prime and sand again.

Advice! You can use a palette knife to collect the dust that remains after sanding, add it to PVA and use a viscous mixture to fill in small flaws in the wood. After complete drying, polish with fine sandpaper.

How to transfer a drawing to a workpiece

Professional craftsmen immediately paint the workpiece, but novice craftsmen will need to first transfer the picture to the surface. There are several ways to do this. You can try different transfer options and choose the most convenient one.

Stencil technique

You can transfer the drawing to the workpiece using. To do this, select a design on the Internet and cut it out using a utility knife. This method is only possible for transferring simple pictures, since ornate patterns will require time, manual dexterity and accuracy.

A better option is to use tracing paper. To do this, transfer the drawing to the rough side with a simple pencil, then apply it to a wooden surface, secure it with tape and trace it with reverse side. One pattern can be transferred up to four times. Experts advise using a hard roller. It should be rolled several times according to the fixed sketch.

Important! It must be remembered that the drawing is transferred in a mirror image using tracing paper.

Many have chosen thermal transfer of the pattern using. Thick paper and glossy magazine pages are suitable for this. Should be on laser printer print the pattern, then attach the side with the pattern to the workpiece and iron it. Due to the uneven structure of the wood, not the entire drawing will be translated well; in addition, it is important to choose optimal temperature so that the glossy pictures do not transfer to the product.

Point technique

The dot technique is an excellent option for those who do not know how to draw at all. The technique consists of applying a number of dots to the base, which are subsequently connected by a solid line. The more of them are applied to the sketch, the more accurate the pattern will be. It is also used to connect small elements, for example, blades of grass, stems, gaps between patterns.

There is a dot technique for painting on wood, in which a sketch is transferred to a workpiece in three ways.

1. Markings are made on the workpiece, the main points are marked and moving towards them using dots.
2. Each color is worked out sequentially on a wooden surface.
3. Consistent work with each section of the drawing; this option is the most successful, since the picture emerges immediately.

Drawing from sketches

Another option for transferring an image is as a carbon copy; for this it is advisable to select it according to the color of the picture, since stains may remain. You need to work as follows.

1. Print the drawing.
2. Place it on a carbon copy, the ink side of which should face the workpiece.
3. Secure the drawing with help and trace it along the contour.

Experienced artists draw a sketch on paper themselves; this can be the whole or some part of it. Then the drawing is transferred to the surface and painted.

What paints are suitable for artistic painting on wood?

The choice of paint should be approached carefully, since the final result of the work depends on it. Beginning craftsmen need to work with traditional materials, hone the basic elements, and only then proceed to expensive ones.

Gouache

IN Soviet times Gouache paints were used to create posters, many called them posters. Working with them is quite simple, but more complex patterns cannot be made. Gouache must meet the following requirements:

• be easy to apply;
• After drying, the pattern should not crack or get dirty.

After the gouache has completely dried, the surface is covered with several layers of varnish.

Watercolor

Many professional artists believe that watercolor paints are completely unsuitable for painting wood, since the abundance of water leads to swelling of the surface. But if you do everything correctly, moisture will not harm the base.

The operating procedure is as follows:

1. Transfer the drawing to the workpiece.
2. Apply a wet brush once over the area to be painted. This is necessary for better adhesion of the paint to the base.
3. Paint large areas, then move on to drawing details.

Using watercolors for painting on wood has several features:

• the strokes are light and airy;
• can be created smooth transitions and shadows, but a relief pattern will not work.

It is advisable to varnish the finished work.

Acrylic paints

Acrylic is one of the most convenient options for beginners. These paints are easy to apply to the surface. Their structure is quite thick, they do not spread. In addition, to achieve the desired shade, you can mix the palette with each other.

Advice! The finished painting does not need to be varnished. Varnish is used only if the craft will be actively used in everyday life. If it performs only a decorative function, it is enough that acrylic creates a protective film on the surface.

Oil paints

Let us note some features of working with oil paints:

• you can only get a bright range of shades, they are perfect for Khokhloma or gold ornaments on a black background;
• dry slowly, especially those diluted with oil;
• Once dry, the composition is almost impossible to remove.

Aniline dyes

Aniline paints for wood are recognized as one of the budget options. They are used to decorate boxes, bracelets, kitchen utensils And souvenir products, which is then sold to tourists.

Among the main advantages we highlight the following:

• bright palette of shades;
• working with them will not cause any difficulties;
• they are easy to mix together.

The only thing you need to remember is that aniline burns out. Therefore, crafts should be protected from direct sunlight, using varnish that is resistant to. In addition, the base, in order to avoid paint bleeding, requires a double preliminary primer.

The painting technique has its own characteristics:

• You cannot apply paint twice to the same place; you will have to learn how to make the right strokes the first time;
• it will be possible to achieve a pure tone only when applied to a carefully primed base;
• when combining two shades superimposed on each other, you get a third tone.

Tempera paints

Painting on wood with tempera paints belongs to the “luxury” category and is considered a real art. It is used to decorate objects that will then be inherited, as well as gifts for especially memorable dates. They are made with egg yolk or. Basic requirements for tempre:

• it should be easily diluted with water, but after drying the pattern should not be washed off;
• the pattern should not crack.

Tempra contains only 2 components: emulsion and coloring pigment. They are connected to each other on the surface of natural stone, then grind until smooth using a chime.

Photo examples of artistic painting on wood

Painting on wood is difficult only at first glance. We invite you to view a photo selection of finished products. People who don’t even have the skills can do something similar. The work will bring real satisfaction, and the result will delight your loved ones.

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The importance of artistic creativity in the culture of any nation is difficult to overestimate. This is exactly what, over the centuries, has absorbed traditions and ethnic features, making the nation unique, recognizable and spiritually rich. In Rus', the secrets of technical and technological mastery were passed down from generation to generation. Over time, art improved, and folk crafts were born, which modern world, without exaggeration, have been elevated to the rank of art. Khokhloma is considered one of the most accomplished artistic folk crafts, the intricate weaves of which are known and loved far beyond the borders of Russia.

Origins of the fishery

The famous Khokhloma painting not only looks fabulous, but the birth of such art is surrounded by legends and entwined with magic.

It is known that Khokhloma is a Russian folk craft, the origins of which originate in the area of ​​​​the glorious and majestic Veliky Novgorod. There is a legend in connection with the appearance of the famous painting. Long ago, on the banks of a picturesque river, in the Nizhny Novgorod district, there lived a craftsman with “golden hands”. He skillfully carved spoons out of wood, and then painted them magically, so much so that everyone thought they were made of pure gold! The fame of the folk craftsman quickly spread throughout the area, and then reached the king himself. The ruler was angry why such a talented master was suddenly not in his service at court. Then the king sent servants into the deep forests to deliver the artist to the court. The master's minions were looking for him, but he seemed to have disappeared into the ground. And the following happened: the craftsman magically found out that the king’s servants were following him, and disappeared from sight, so much so that he was never seen again. But before leaving, he taught his skills good people so that in every hut the bowls and spoons sparkle with gold.

In fact, there is a scientific fact that wood painting and a special technology were brought to the Volga region by schismatics who fled to escape cruel tsarist oppression. Among the fugitive schismatics there were many skilled craftsmen, icon painters, and artists. They taught the local population such extraordinary painting. Beautifully painted dishes were sold in a large trading village called Khokhloma. When the merchant was asked where he brought such a marvel from, he readily answered: “From Khokhloma!” Since then, it has become customary to call the unusually beautiful painting, in the Russian folk style, Khokhloma.

Features of the fishery

Any folk craft is an integral part of decorative and applied arts. Main feature Khokhloma painting has a unique golden tint. Interesting fact that in fact there is not a drop of real gold in the painting.

A scattering of colors, wonderful ornaments, the deep meaning of each drawing and symbolism - all this distinguishes the art of painting in the folk style. Each craft has its own characteristics, which make the art of drawing recognizable all over the world, Khokhloma is no exception.

The characteristic features are as follows:

• a certain color scheme of the design using only a few rich shades;
  Popular combination of red and gold
• high artistic design;
  Khokhloma is characterized by the presence of many small details
• exclusively handmade;
  The work is delicate and painstaking
• lack of strict geometry, smoothness of shapes and lines;
  Exquisite Khokhloma patterns
• great figurative expressiveness of the painting;
  Khokhloma painting has clear accents and bright patterns
• special technologies of drawing;
• Classic painting is usually done on wood.
  Most often these are wooden utensils

This unique effect is achieved using special technologies, the basics of which have remained unchanged for several centuries.

Hand-painted Khokhloma

Creation technology

It so happened historically that Rus' at all times was famous for its folk craftsmen, whose fame went far beyond its borders. The thing is that our ancestors knew how to not only create, but also preserve all traditions, passing them on to their descendants. That is why each craft is not only about incredible aesthetics, but also about the strict technology of the process of creating a folk masterpiece. It's all about special secrets and rules that masters follow today:

Khokhloma consists of many traditional artistic techniques and techniques, knowing the secrets and features of which you can perform it yourself. Wooden dishes decorated with paintings in the Khokhloma style are not only beautiful, but also practical and environmentally friendly.

This painting is a classic of folk craft. Those who know a lot about art call the fishery “golden autumn”. And indeed, the palette, shine, incredibly soulful and understandable design for everyone - all this is permeated with the warmth and freshness of a clear autumn day.

What is the secret of such unique art? The thing is that when applying a picture, a certain color scheme is used. This is due to the fact that the source of Khokhloma painting was icon painting, so many colors in such different crafts still overlap with each other. Traditional colors are represented by gold, shades of red, and black. Sometimes the pattern is complemented by yellow, green, brown or white. To make the design textured, clear and bright, oil-based paints are traditionally used for painting. Drawing is a creative process that requires not only an appropriate state of mind, but also certain knowledge.

Types of painting

Russian folk craft reached its heyday in the 18th century. This period was truly fertile for the creative development of the people. Khokhloma at this time had already taken shape, a classification of types of Khokhloma fishery appeared.

The main types of Khokhloma writing are top and background. Each has its own technology and features. The top type of writing was done on a tinned surface, the strokes when applying paints were soft, plastic, and as a result creative work an openwork Khokhloma is created. The horse type of painting is divided into several types of ornament:

Gingerbread ornament. The traditional style of artistic writing is characterized by weaving patterns into geometric shapes. It can be a circle, square or rhombus, in the middle of which there is a stylized drawing in the form of the sun. This type of horse painting is simpler in technical execution than grass or berry painting. Its main uniqueness is that it resembles the original sun with rays, which is always in motion.

In addition to the top script, Khokhloma painting can be used as a background painting. From the name it becomes clear that before applying the drawing, a background must be applied. As a rule, it is red or black, but the design on it remains gold. This type of writing is divided into two types: Kudrin’s painting or “under the background”.

The technique “under the background” is difficult to perform and requires a certain level of skill, but such products have the highest value. A feature of Kudrin's background painting is a stylized image of flowers, curls or fruits. The main role in the ornament is played by the contour line.

All types of Khokhloma writing are unusually artistic, the ornament resembles an incredibly beautiful carpet or linen. In fact, you can do this kind of painting with your own hands, without having artistic superpowers. Experts say that the main task is to “train your hand,” that is, to practice performing all kinds of strokes, to grasp the pressure of the brush and the nuances of the technique.

Master class “Painting under Khokhloma”

Not just dishes

Today, Khokhloma is used not only in the production of souvenirs or tableware. Khokhloma patterns are a new trend in the modern world of high fashion. They are part of the a la russe style, popular all over the world, which has already conquered many. The first person to use Khokhloma patterns in clothing was Denis Simachev. Blouses, skirts, tops, trousers - all this was generously decorated with Khokhloma, which became a real revolution in the fashion world. In addition to incredibly original evening dresses, a unique collection of sportswear was presented, which was also decorated with folk Khokhloma motifs.

Since then, such an ornament has decorated more than one collection, only gaining momentum in popularity with each season. Authentic prints in modern fashion help in creating a unique and original look. But there is important advice from the stylists: if you are wearing a bright top decorated with colorful gold patterns, you should complement the look with plain trousers or a skirt to achieve harmony and balance.

Today, the Khokhloma ornament is perceived by us as something familiar, light and incredibly picturesque. Luxurious painting can not only decorate our home or fashionable image. Looking at the filigree patterns, pleasant memories come to mind; the eye is pleased with the riot of colors, richness and ornateness of the ornament. Impeccable Khokhloma, like no other craft, is able to convey to us the warmth of the master’s hands and a piece of his soul.

Publications in the Traditions section

Mysteries of Russian painting patterns

Have Gzhel dishes always been blue and white, what traditional painting was born after the October Revolution, and why do painted boxes glow? We understand the secrets of folk art crafts.

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

The master began work by beating the baclush - he prepared wooden blocks (baklushi) from linden, aspen or birch. They turned them out wooden spoons and ladles, cups and salt shakers. Dishes not yet decorated with painting were called linen. The linen was primed and dried several times, and then painted in yellow, red and black tones. Popular motifs were floral patterns, flowers, berries, and lace branches. Forest birds on Khokhloma dishes reminded the peasants of the Firebird from Russian fairy tales; they said: “The Firebird flew past the house and touched the bowl with its wing, and the bowl became golden.”.

After applying the design, the product was coated with drying oil two or three times, tin or aluminum powder was rubbed into the surface and dried in an oven. After hardening with heat, they acquired a honey hue and really shone like gold.

At the beginning of the 18th century, dishes began to be brought to the Makaryevskaya fair, where sellers and buyers from all over Russia gathered. Khokhloma products turned out to be known throughout the country. Since the 19th century, when guests from all over Europe and Asia began to come to the Nizhny Novgorod fair, painted dishes have appeared in many parts of the world. Russian merchants sold products in India and Turkey.

Snow background and blue patterns. Gzhel

Snow background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: rusnardom.ru

Snow background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: gzhel-spb.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: Sergey Lavrentiev / Lori Photobank

Gzhel clay has been known since the time of Ivan Kalita - since the 14th century. Local craftsmen used it to create “vessels for apothecary needs,” dishes and children’s toys. At the beginning of the 19th century, factories appeared in the Gzhel volost that produced porcelain. The first enterprise here was founded in 1810 by merchant Pavel Kulichkov. At first, painting on porcelain dishes was colored, but in the middle of the 19th century, the fashion for blue and white Dutch tiles and Chinese porcelain of the same shades came to Russia. Soon the blue patterns on snowy background became a distinctive feature of Gzhel painting.

To check the quality of porcelain, before painting, the product was dipped in magenta, a red aniline paint. The porcelain was painted an even pink color, and any crack was visible on it. The masters painted with cobalt paint - before firing it looks black. Using special techniques, working only with a brush and paint, the artists created more than 20 shades of blue.

Gzhel subjects are lush roses (they were called “agashkas” here), winter landscapes, scenes from folk tales. Children are sledding, Emelya is catching pike in the pond, villagers are celebrating Maslenitsa... After applying the design, the dishes were covered with glaze and fired. Pink products with black patterns took on their traditional look.

Luminous brooches and boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

“When we organized the artel, for seven people we had only one collected works of Pushkin... This largely explains the fact that we wrote most of our miniatures based on Pushkin’s subjects.”

Alexander Kotukhin, miniaturist

In 1932, Palekh artists met with Maxim Gorky, who called Palekh lacquer miniature "one of the miracles created October Revolution» . At his request, Ivan Golikov painted miniatures for the deluxe edition of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Wood painting is considered one of the oldest types of creativity and drawing. This method of decoration was widespread in Rus'; wooden boards were painted, panels, trays and boxes were decorated with paints. To learn how to decorate wooden objects yourself, you just need to learn the basic painting techniques.

This type of decorative and applied art has been passed down from generation to generation. Adults and children depicted original patterns using folk motives, which were later framed. Decorating with the help of painting various interior items was considered popular. In this form, this art has survived to this day, when furniture, dishes, toys, and musical instruments are decorated with decorative painting on wood.

Craftsmen use coloring compounds for various purposes as materials for their work. You can paint on wood with gouache, acrylic, watercolor and even oil. Making your own beautiful painted board for cutting food is not difficult even for a child: the whole process consists of selecting a design, transferring it to the surface, and gradually decorating it. It is important to achieve the right combination of colors so that the boards look harmonious.

There are three types of painting techniques:

• Khokhloma - characterized by a black background, as well as yellow and red colors, where fancy flowers are depicted.

• – the main motifs are drawings dedicated to urban scenes, epics and flower arrangements.

• - a type of painting on wood, the main subjects of which are ornaments and horses.

To learn how to paint on wood, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic techniques, which you can learn about in the following sections.

How to paint a kitchen board with acrylic paints?

The most convenient material for getting acquainted with folk art and mastering technology is acrylic paints. They are thick enough and can be mixed to achieve a spectacular image. After painting a wooden board with such paints, it is not necessary to varnish the surface, because acrylic creates a durable protective film.

To work you will need:

• kitchen cutting board with a smooth surface;
• specified paints of the required colors;
• tassels;
• stencils for painting.

Choose high-quality artistic acrylic paints that have sufficient thickness - this is how the drawing will be rich.

The surface of the board must be flat; if there are protrusions on it, it is recommended to use sandpaper and sand the surface of the wood. After this, the masters recommend saturating the base with white acrylic so that subsequent sketches will lie flat on the board. While the workpiece is drying, you need to transfer the design onto wood, you can find out how to do this in the last section of this material.

The peculiarity of the products obtained after painting is that they have a bright and rich color. You need to start painting the board with large elements of the design, gradually moving on to smaller details. To highlight individual details of the image, paint them with a thin brush in black or white.

After painting on wood with acrylic paints, the product must be thoroughly dried. The next step will be varnishing the board if the product is intended to be used for its intended purpose. If the finished result will serve only a decorative function, then there is no need to varnish the board - painting with acrylic paints will stick to the wood on its own.

On video: painting cutting board acrylic paints.

Painting wood with watercolors and its features

The technology of painting wooden bases with watercolors involves quickly applying paint to the surface. Some argue that watercolor is completely unsuitable for such coatings, because excessive wetting of the wood leads to its damage. You can correct the situation and learn how to properly paint on wood with watercolors - you just need to choose the right technique.

For beginners, painting with watercolors should not be a complicated procedure; you can practice on wooden blanks in the form of nesting dolls. After transferring the drawing, you need to brush it once with a wet brush over the area of ​​the workpiece that needs to be painted. This is done for better paint adhesion. Step by step, large areas are first painted, and then colors are added to the details.

The use of watercolor on wood has a number of features:

• the ability to create light and airy images, equipping them with shadows and color transitions;
• lack of relief of the stroke, which cannot be said about painting wooden bases with acrylic or oil paints;
• a face painted on wood in watercolor most accurately conveys the shades truthfully;
• the ability to mix watercolors with other types of paints for painting on wood.

The finished product can be coated with clear varnish. Watercolors are also used to decorate backgrounds on panels, because this paint is a pigment diluted with water, which is most optimal for large areas.

Gouache for painting as an alternative

A cutting board for the kitchen is one of the practical items of regular use. To make this accessory pleasing to the eye every day, it is recommended to paint it; this can be done with gouache paints on wood. This coloring material is similar to acrylic, but is slightly inferior in saturation.

Painting on wood with gouache consists of the following stages:

1. Sanding the board. If the surface of the product was not smooth enough, it must be polished with sandpaper.
2. Structure protection. If the board does not have a varnish coating, it must be treated with stain.
3. Priming. For this, acrylic of any suitable color is used. The wooden board should be carefully coated with paint without gaps. This will make coloring easy and quick.
4. Drawing. After translating the image or drawing it yourself, you need to start painting on the board. For beginners, it is better to choose simple patterns or floral motifs. Before painting the tree with gouache, you can add a little PVA glue to the jar for better adhesion.
5. Varnishing. After finishing the process, it is recommended to open the product with varnish. You can use any composition that you have at home, but odorless acrylic varnish is considered the most suitable.

The master class presented in the photo below is designed for people who do not have the skills to paint kitchen boards. Painting on wood brings pleasure, and the resulting result delights everyone around you.

It is necessary to apply varnish to the finished product in several layers, but after the previous layer has completely dried. The kitchen is a place where moisture is constantly exposed, so this stage is considered mandatory.

Methods for transferring a drawing onto a base

Some fans of painting on wood only with experience begin to draw pictures on wood on their own. Beginners cannot do such an activity, so the question arises, what are the ways to transfer a picture onto a wooden base? You can find out more about them below:

• Carbon copy. This method is considered the simplest - it requires regular dark or (in the case of a black base) white carbon paper. The printed sheet is placed on a carbon copy, under which a wooden blank is placed. Using a pen, the drawing is completely outlined. As a result, an image is formed on the workpiece that can be painted. The resulting painted product is neat.

• Tracing paper. To make the painting have beautiful borders, you can use tracing paper. To do this, it is applied to the prepared drawing and traced along its contours. Next, the sheet is turned over and rubbed generously with graphite. After this, tracing paper is placed on the tree and the image is traced with a sharp object. Using this method it is possible to draw even the most complex patterns.

• Soap. The method is similar to the previous one, but it is good when the templates for painting are transferred to a black surface. It is necessary to repeat the same operations, only rub the tracing paper not with graphite, but with soap.

To hone your skills, experts recommend using different wood painting techniques. It’s also a good idea to paint on a former wooden base for a tray, on a box or other things. The resulting products can be given as a gift or used to decorate your home.

Master classes on painting wood (2 videos)

Various options and ideas (30 photos)