Labor activity can be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of the work load performed by a person in a given type of work, and, on the other hand, the functional stress of the body as an integral response of the human body to the load.

Workload is a combination of factors labor process, performed in certain conditions production environment. Depending on the characteristics of the factors, workload has different effects on the human body, on certain functional systems, determining the magnitude and direction of their functioning. Under certain conditions, the levels of labor process factors can be regarded as dangerous and harmful.

According to GOST 12.0.003-74 (from March 1, 2017 GOST 12.0.003-2015 comes into force), factors determined by the characteristics of the nature and organization and organization of work of workers, parameters of the workplace and equipment, are classified as a complex of so-called psychophysiologically dangerous and harmful production factors.

They can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, its well-being, emotional and intellectual spheres and lead to a persistent decrease in performance and (or) impairment of the health of workers.

According to the nature of the action, psychophysiological HAPF (dangerous harmful production factors) are divided into physical (static and dynamic) overloads and neuropsychic overloads (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Psychophysiological CVPF can be characterized by the parameters of labor (work) loads and (or) indicators of the impact of these loads on a person. Accordingly, the nomenclature includes parameters of physical and neuropsychic overload - parameters labor activity, as well as indicators of their impact on the functional state of the human body at work, his well-being.

Existing conditions modern production technological processes are presented high demands to the organ of vision of workers. Up to 90% of all labor operations are now controlled by vision. Miniaturization and microminiaturization of elements, characteristic of many industries, the introduction of new types of equipment, technologies and computer control systems causes increased voltage in the visual analyzer. The number of people performing work at the limit of eye resolution, using optical means and information display devices, is constantly increasing.

In accordance with the "Manual on hygienic assessment of factors working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditionsP 2.2.2006-05 ", the parameters of the labor process (hardness and intensity of work) according to the degree of influence on the functional state and health of workers are classified into three classes:

Optimal working conditions (1st grade) - conditions under which the employee’s health is maintained and the prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of performance. Optimal standards for working environment factors have been established for microclimatic parameters and workload factors. For other factors, working conditions in which there are no harmful factors or do not exceed levels accepted as safe for the population are conventionally accepted as optimal.

Acceptable working conditions (grade 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes the functional state of the body is restored during a regulated rest or at the beginning of the next shift and does not have an adverse effect in the immediate and long-term period on the health of workers and their offspring. Acceptable working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

Harmful working conditions (grade 3) characterized by the presence harmful factors, the levels of which exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the worker’s body and/or his offspring.
1st degree 3rd class (3.1) - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored, as a rule, with a longer interruption of contact with harmful factors (than at the beginning of the next shift) and increase the risk of damage to health;
2nd degree 3rd class (3.2) - levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading in most cases to an increase in occupationally caused morbidity (which can be manifested by an increase in the level of morbidity with temporary disability and, first of all, those diseases that reflect the condition of the organs and systems most vulnerable to these factors ), the appearance of initial signs or mild forms occupational diseases(without loss of professional ability) arising after prolonged exposure (oftenafter 15 years or more).

Methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process
The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​characterizing the labor process, regardless of individual characteristics person involved in this process. The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

the mass of the load lifted and moved manually;
stereotypical labor movements;
working posture;
body tilts;
movement in space.
Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and assessed in accordance with the methodology, section 5.10 and table. 17manual R 2.2.2006-05.
When performing work associated with uneven physical loads in different shifts, assessment of indicators of the severity of the labor process (with the exception of the mass of lifted and moved cargo and body tilts) should be carried out based on average indicators for 2-3 shifts. The mass of the load lifted and moved manually and the tilt of the body should be assessed according to the maximum values.

Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process
The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process.”
Assessment of labor intensity professional group workers is based on an analysis of work activity and its structure, which are studied through time-based observations over the course of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, routine loads.

In 2017, a training cycle began to assess the severity and intensity of the labor process.

What is included in the cycle?

Regulatory documents and standardized values ​​for assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process;

Methodology for measuring indicators of severity and intensity of the labor process;

Working measuring instruments;

Calculation and registration of measurement results;

Conclusion(s) based on the measurement results;

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Training is provided in a state educational institution.

rare production factor- this is a factor in the labor process or environment, the impact of which, under certain conditions, on an employee can cause an occupational disease or decreased performance. A hazardous production factor is a factor that can cause an acute illness, a sharp deterioration in health or death.

Dangerous and harmful production factors, according to GOST 12.0.003, are divided into categories:

• Physical;
• Chemical;
• Biological;
• Psychophysiological.

Scheme 1. Classification of harmful and dangerous factors

One and the same dangerous or harmful factor in its essence can simultaneously belong to different classes. The choice of methods and means of ensuring safety should be made on the basis of identifying these factors inherent in a particular production equipment or technological process.

Hazardous production factors - mechanical, electrical, falls from a height, falling objects, thermal burns, chemical burns, exposure to high or low temperatures, road accidents, falling, collapse of objects and parts, exposure to harmful substances, etc.

Physical factors:

• Moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of trade and technological equipment, moving goods, containers, collapsing stacks of stored materials;
• Increased/reduced temperature of the surfaces of equipment and products;
• Increased dust content in the air of the working area;
• Increased/decreased air temperature in the working area;
• Increased level of noise, vibration, air humidity in the workplace;
• Difficulty breathing, dry mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
• Increased/decreased air mobility;
• Increased voltage in an electrical circuit, the closure of which can pass through the human body;
• Increased levels of electromagnetic radiation;
• Lack or lack of natural light, etc.

Chemical factors– acids, caustic alkalis, disinfectants, detergents.

Psychophysiological factors- physical neuropsychic overload, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work.

Biological factors– impact environment, the possibility of collision with factors that poison the air, which leads to temporary or prolonged loss of performance.

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Criteria for assessing working conditions

In accordance with Federal Law 426-FZ, working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

1st class– optimal working conditions;

2nd class– acceptable working conditions, which can cause functional deviations, but after regulated rest the human body returns to a normal state (the optimal and acceptable classes correspond to normal working conditions);

3rd grade– harmful working conditions, characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and can negatively affect his offspring. Harmful conditions labor, according to the degree of exceeding hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers, in turn are divided into four degrees of harmfulness and danger (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4).

• 1st degree 3rd class (3.1)– working conditions characterized by deviations of harmful factors from hygienic standards that can cause functional changes that require long-term recovery.
• 2nd degree 3rd class (3.2)– levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading to industrial diseases, the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after 15 or more years of work in these conditions;
• 3rd degree 3rd class (3.3)– working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors, the impact of which leads, as a rule, to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity during the period of work, the growth of chronic pathology, including temporary disability;
• 4th degree 3rd class (3.4)- working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur - a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

4th grade– dangerous (extreme) working conditions, under which, during a work shift, a short period of time, a threat to life is created, a high risk of severe and acute occupational injuries. Work in extreme working conditions is not allowed, except for liquidation emergency situations, carrying out repair work.

Working conditions. In accordance with “426-FZ”, workplaces are assessed according to three main criteria: hygienic assessment existing conditions and the nature of work, assessment of workplace injury safety, as well as assessment of the provision of workers with personal (collective) protective equipment, training provided, etc.

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Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the process of work: technical equipment of the organization, features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic conditions, relationships in work collective, level professional risk based on identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 Labor Code The Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness.
• Hazardous production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, individual harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification" (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 "Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions" (hereinafter referred to as Guide R 2.2.2006-05) dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the production environment:

• increased or decreased air temperature in the working area;
• increased humidity and air speed;
• thermal radiation – thermal load of the environment (THC index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• constant magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMFs created by PCs;
• electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (absence or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of light flux, excessive brightness, high unevenness of brightness distribution, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged air particles - aeroions.

Hazardous physical factors in the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transport devices and transported loads;
• moving elements of production equipment;
• electric current;
• increased or decreased temperature of the surfaces of equipment and materials;
• location of the workplace at height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically hazardous and harmful production factors: chemical substances, mixtures, including some substances of biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations), obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which methods are used chemical analysis, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which, according to the nature of their effect on the human body, are divided into generally toxic, irritating, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the germ cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically hazardous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (severity and intensity of work): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards for working conditions

All factors of the production environment are standardized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors occurred in the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

• MPC– maximum permissible concentration of chemicals;
• Remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ– maximum permissible value;
• Traffic rules– maximum permissible dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) were established on the basis that there is a certain limiting value of a harmful factor, below which staying in a given area or using a product is completely safe.

To establish MPCs, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of linden trees exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPCs, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. Recently, computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting at various objects, etc. have also been widely used.

Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants are calculated based on their content in atmospheric air, soil, water and are established for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MAC values ​​are established based on the influence of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area Russian Federation.

MAC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

• For atmospheric air in populated areas and enclosed spaces, maximum permissible concentrations are established. – average daily, MPC m.r. – maximum one-time;
• For the air in the working area, the maximum permissible concentration is r.z. - V work area, MPC r.s. – medium shift in the work area;
• For aquatic environment MAC v1 – for water bodies of the first category of water use, MAC v2 – for water bodies of the second category of water use, MAC for fisheries – for reservoirs for fishing purposes;
• MPC p. – for soil;
• MPC p.p. – for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily MPC value is established to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards for working conditions (MPC, PDU)- these are the levels of harmful factors in the working environment, which, when working daily (except weekends) for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working period, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygiene standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

Maximum permissible value of fire hazard factor (IDZ OFP)- this is the value of a fire hazard, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of the fire does not lead to injury, illness or deviation in health over a normatively established period of time, but the impact on material assets does not lead to their loss of target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is the time during which the maximum permissible value of a fire hazard is reached.

Maximum permissible doses (MAD) ionizing radiation - this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are Federal law dated 01/09/1996 N 3-FZ “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 “Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)” and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 “Basic sanitary rules ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-99/2010).”

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that are classified as diseases in clinical medicine:

• Deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in fetal development, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which there is no effect, and above which the severity of the effect depends from dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of occurrence of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

Radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels have shown the possibility of even single acts of ionization to cause disruption of certain hereditary mechanisms. In addition, we cannot exclude the possibility of disturbances in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disturbances.

In the absence of direct evidence of the effect of radiation in small doses or the harmlessness of this radiation and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to normalizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed about the absence of a threshold for stochastic effects of radiation according to the linear relationship between the dose and the effect in the region of small doses. doses This hypothesis has been accepted as an official concept International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as a basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are based on an 8-hour work shift. For longer shifts, but not more than 40 hours per week, in each specific case the possibility of work must be agreed upon with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and mandatory compliance with hygiene standards.

It should be noted that exceeding hygienic standards during the work of workers leads to an increase in industrial accidents, occupational diseases, production-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional disability of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes occurring in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy expenditure on basic metabolism and the human body’s resistance to external influences, forming a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibility of energy consumption for execution is reduced labor actions, which also causes a decrease in performance. It is possible that the overall resistance of the human body may decrease, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of efficiency, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the emergence of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a consequence, their offspring), partial or complete loss of ability to work as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in the level of income and consumption of people who lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of creating healthy and safe working conditions are of particular relevance in our country.

Negative impact of harmful production factors

As a result of exposure to harmful production factors, workers may develop occupational diseases - diseases caused by exposure to harmful working conditions. Occupational diseases are divided into:

Acute occupational diseases that arose after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors;

Chronic occupational diseases that arise after repeated exposure to harmful production factors (increased levels of concentration of harmful substances in the air of the work area, increased levels of noise, vibration, etc.). .

Assessment of working conditions based on production environmental factors

In order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous factors in the working environment and the labor process and assess the level of their impact on the employee, taking into account the deviation of their actual values ​​from the established ones, enterprises are required to conduct special assessment working conditions.

Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

Assessment of working conditions is the determination of the actual values ​​of dangerous and harmful production factors, intensity and severity of work.

The levels of hazardous and harmful production factors are determined by instrumental measurements.

The survey results are compared with hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity and intensity of the labor process. The criteria are based on the differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from current hygienic standards and the impact of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Working conditions in accordance with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions according to the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process are assessed in four classes (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1

1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are established only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

2nd class - acceptable working conditions- are characterized by levels of environmental factors that do not exceed those established by hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during rest breaks or by the beginning of the next shift and do not have an adverse effect on the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade - harmful working conditions - are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an impact on the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions, according to the degree of excess of standards, are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

2nd degree - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary loss of ability to work, and the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases;

3rd degree - characterized by such levels of harmful factors at which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during working life;

4th degree - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can arise, high levels of morbidity with temporary loss of ability to work are observed.

4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during a work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, and liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Extreme conditions are created, for example, when the maximum permissible concentration for harmful substances is exceeded by more than 20 times, and the maximum permissible limit for noise is more than 50 dB. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. While a person cannot refuse such types of activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the degree of severity and intensity of labor through mechanization and automation of heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Human labor activity must be carried out under acceptable working environment conditions. However, when performing some technological processes Currently, it is technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that standards for a number of factors in the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out using personal protective equipment and reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) not allowed with the exception of emergency response, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out using personal protective equipment and in strict compliance with the regimes regulated for such work.

Enterprises of any form of ownership are obliged to strive to create safe working conditions.

Safe conditions labor are considered to be the levels of harmful production factors that, when working daily (except for weekends), but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working period, should not cause diseases or deviations in the health of the worker and his offspring. Safe working conditions are also considered to be working conditions in the complete absence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Jobs are assessed according to three main criteria:

Hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work; assessment of workplace injury safety;

Accounting and assessment of the provision of workers with means of individual (collective) protection, training, etc.

- injury safety rated 1st, 2nd or 3rd class (without degree of danger).

Assessment of existing conditions and nature of work is made on the basis of instrumental measurements of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. The classification of these factors is given in. After measurements, the class of working conditions in the workplace is determined. The most labor-intensive work is determining the class of working conditions based on the severity of the labor process and labor intensity.

Classification of working conditions according to factors of the labor process.

Difficulty of work- characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the shape of the working posture, the degree of tilt of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system, sensory organs, emotional sphere employee. Factors characterizing labor intensity include intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of their monotony, and work mode.

A general assessment of the severity of the labor process is made on the basis of all indicators of the severity of the labor process. In this case, the class for each measured indicator is first established and entered into the protocol, and the final assessment of the severity of work is established according to the most sensitive indicator, assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall grade is set one grade higher.

An assessment of the intensity of the labor process of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of work activity and its structure, which is studied through time-lapse observations over the course of the entire working day for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by type of load: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, routine. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 22 indicators are taken into account. Selective consideration of any individual indicators for the overall assessment of labor intensity is not allowed.

For each of the indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. If by nature or characteristics professional activity If any of the indicators is not presented, this indicator is assigned 1st class (optimal).

The final determination of the optimal, acceptable and harmful classes of working conditions is based on the number of indicators having one or another class. The general assessment of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger is established according to the highest class and degree of harmfulness. If three or more factors belong to class 3.1, then the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2. If there are two or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions are assessed accordingly one degree higher.

By reducing contact with harmful factors (time protection), working conditions can be assessed as less harmful, but not lower than class 3.1.

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Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity and intensity of the labor process (conduct an analysis for concrete example)

Working conditions play an important role in working life person. Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal conditions labor (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of workers is preserved and the prerequisites are created to maintain a high level of performance. Optimal standards for production factors have been established for microclimatic parameters and labor process factors.

b Acceptable working conditions (2nd class) - characterized as follows

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse impact in the immediate and long-term period on the health of workers. Acceptable working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the worker’s body. Harmful working conditions, according to the degree of exceeding hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers, are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer interruption of contact with harmful factors (than at the beginning of the next shift) and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in work-related morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that arise after a long work experience (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of working activity, the growth of chronic (work-related) pathology, including elevated levels morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general working capacity), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high level morbidity with temporary disability.

b Hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during a work shift (or part of it) creates a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including severe forms.

Factors in the production environment include: microclimate parameters; content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig. 1 The main elements characterizing working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In general assessment, production environment factors are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is an environmental and labor process factor that can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

· A harmful production factor is an environmental and labor process factor that, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, etc.) can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

· The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of labor severity are physical dynamic load, mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, working posture, body tilts, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load primarily on the central nervous system, sensory organs, emotional sphere of the employee and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing labor intensity: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, degree of monotony of loads, work mode, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

If, as an example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 3, 2007 No. 287 defines labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

· Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air speed) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary microclimate standards production premises", approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

· The temperature of surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cє, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for establishing limit values ​​for the temperature of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with external surface temperatures above 43 Cє must be provided with thermal insulation or fencing and signal paint applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· Natural lighting should be used as much as possible in production and auxiliary buildings and premises.

· The level of vibration that affects workers in the workplace should not exceed the values ​​​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated December 1, 1999 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 “Sanitary Standards for Industrial Noise, Ultrasound and Infrasound”, approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated December 1, 1999 No. 37.

Analysis of working conditions based on certification of a surgeon’s workplace

Actual and standard values measured parameters: Indicators of intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3...

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions at the enterprise

In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace...

Life safety as academic discipline

Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that influence a person’s health and performance during the work process...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process”...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the carpenter’s workplace at the LLC TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz enterprise

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process”...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The production environment is the space in which human labor activity takes place. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tools, technological equipment, machines, etc....

Classification of working conditions and their examination

Collective and individual protective equipment

dangerous hazardous work safety Centuries-old human practice provides the basis for the statement, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous...

Collective and individual protective equipment for workers

One of the most important conditions for normal human life when performing professional functions is maintaining the body’s thermal balance...

1. Intellectual loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of its mental activity. They have expert assessments...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

The quantitative value or detailed expert description of each factor is correlated with Table 4.9. GK R.2.2.755-99 and receives the corresponding score; the data is entered into the final protocol (Appendix 4). - Factors...

Assessment of dangerous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

A general assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows. Regardless of profession, all the above 22 indicators are taken into account...

Industrial dusts, effects on the body, preventive measures

During work, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect humans arise in the work area. Dangerous production factor - production factor...

power plant labor motor operator fuel supply The workplace of an automated fuel supply motor operator is designed to control equipment from the fuel supply control panel...

Development of measures to improve the working conditions of motor mechanics in the fuel supply shop of JSC "OGK-6" Novocherkassk State District Power Plant

The main functional element of the automated fuel supply operator’s workplace is vertical panels on which information display devices are mounted in the form of recording and display devices (thermometers...