Purpose of the lesson

Get acquainted with the construction, structure and purpose of castles in Medieval Europe

Tasks

Explain the concept of “Medieval castle”

Tell us about how castles were built in Medieval Europe, who built them and why

Find out what role the castle played in Medieval Europe

Lesson Plan

1. What is a “Medieval Castle”?

2. Who, how and why built these castles?

3. How was daily life organized in the castle?

4. What role did castles play in Medieval Europe?

Medieval castle - This is a structure that combined living quarters and defensive structures. They were built of stone, on a hill. Most medieval castles have survived in England, Scotland, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Austria and other countries.

Neuschwanstein Castle

Fortress of Guaita.

in Germany

San Marino

Who built the castle?

Why did feudal lords build castles?

Feudal lord

For protection from external enemies

(from troops of other feudal lords)

From the word " fief " - Earth. Land ownership; dependent peasants worked for him

In order to hide from the rebel peasants

Castles, in addition to defense, were the dwellings of feudal lords

The use of the labor of dependent peasants, the appropriation of the results of their labor (agricultural products) is called exploitation .

Lock device

Powerful walls

Crenellated tower with loopholes

External gate

Courtyard

Deep moat with water

Knights - inhabitants of the castle

Knights- armed mounted or foot troops, armed with a heavy sword and a long spear. There was a shield for protection.

They put on the body armor– armor made of iron plates; on the head is an iron helmet. To protect the face there was a abralo– a metal plate with slits for the eyes.

Knights' tasks

Castle defense

Participation in the feudal lord's wars of conquest

Participation in knightly tournaments

Improving fighting qualities

In Europe, the first castles began to appear after the fall of the Roman Empire, when Germanic tribes began to build wooden halls where their leaders celebrated their victories. One such early medieval castle is described in the Anglo-Saxon poem " Beowulf ».

Episode from the TV series Beowulf

Today, medieval castles in Germany, France, England, and other European countries are silent witnesses to the former power of knights, princes and kings.

Castle Tower. London. England

Thank you

Castles in Medieval Europe A castle is a building (or complex of buildings) combining residential and defensive purposes. In the most common meaning of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe. A castle is a building (or complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive purposes. In the most common meaning of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe.

Functions The main functions of a feudal castle with suburbs were: The main functions of a feudal castle with suburbs were: military (the center of military operations, a means of military control over the district), military (the center of military operations, a means of military control over the district), administrative-political (the administrative center of the district , the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), administrative-political (the administrative center of the district, the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), cultural and economic (the craft and trade center of the district, the place of the highest elite and folk culture). cultural and economic (handicraft and trade center of the district, a place of the highest elite and folk culture).

Castle defensive system A mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or approximately square at the base, the diameter of the hill being at least twice the height. A mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone, or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or approximately square at the base, the diameter of the hill being at least twice the height. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower, surrounded by a palisade, was erected. Around the hill there was a ditch filled with water or a dry one, from the earth of which an embankment was formed. Access to the tower was through a wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower, surrounded by a palisade, was erected. Around the hill there was a ditch filled with water or a dry one, from the earth of which an embankment was formed. Access to the tower was through a wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside.

Inner courtyard A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the home of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, a forge, warehouses, a kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from a nearby reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be delimited into several parts, or several courtyards adjacent to each other were built near the hill. A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the home of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, a forge, warehouses, a kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from a nearby reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be delimited into several parts, or several courtyards adjacent to each other were built near the hill.

Donjon The main tower in European feudal castles. Unlike the towers on the walls of the castle, the donjon is located inside the fortress walls (usually in the most inaccessible and protected place) and is usually not connected to them; it is like a fortress within a fortress. Along with defensive purposes, donjons usually served as the direct residence of feudal lords. It also often housed various important rooms of the castle: the armory, the main well, and food warehouses. The shapes of donjons are very diverse: in Great Britain, quadrangular towers were popular, but there were also round, octagonal, regular and irregular polygonal donjons, as well as combinations of several of these shapes. The change in the shape of the dungeons is associated with the development of architecture and siege technology. A tower that is round or polygonal in plan is better able to withstand the impact of projectiles. Sometimes when constructing a keep, builders followed the terrain of the area, for example by placing a tower on an irregularly shaped rock.

Fortress Wall Fortress walls are protective walls around a courtyard. They had to be tall enough to make it difficult for attackers to storm using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which, from the 15th century onwards, included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly between castles. To protect them from undermining, stone blind areas were sometimes built in front of the fortress walls. A battle move on top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw projectiles at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as they were thought to weaken the strength of the wall. Fortress walls are protective walls around a courtyard. They had to be tall enough to make it difficult for attackers to storm using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which from the 15th century included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly between castles. To protect them from undermining, stone blind areas were sometimes built in front of the fortress walls. A battle move on top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw projectiles at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as it was believed that they could weaken the strength of the wall.

Moat Typically, moats were dug around castles as part of a defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled ditch is the prevention of digging. Often rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of ditches, making it difficult to overcome by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized through drawbridges. Typically, moats were dug around castles as part of a defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled ditch is the prevention of digging. Often rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of ditches, making it difficult to overcome by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized through drawbridges.

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Presentation on the topic: Medieval castles

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Purpose: to consider the defensive value of medieval castles. Tasks: 1. Consider the reasons for the appearance of castles in Europe. 2. Consider various defensive structures of the fortress in terms of their intended purpose. 3. Build a model of a medieval fortress. (Recreate a model of a medieval fortress using a constructor.)

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The emergence of castles in Europe Starting from the 9th century, local leaders began to build fortifications in the form of castles. The first castles were of simple construction and design, but later they evolved into powerful and beautiful stone structures. The reason for building castles was to protect the territory from barbarians, but the real reason was to consolidate their control over the subject territory. This was possible due to the fact that in Europe at that time there was no unified defense strategy and there was no strong centralized power. An example of the construction of castles in Europe is the French province of Poiteau. There were only three castles there before the Viking raids in the 9th century and 39 castles in the 11th century. Similar processes occurred throughout Europe. Castles could be built very quickly. Before the advent of cannons, castle defenders had a huge advantage over those who stormed castles. But the widespread distribution of castles and the creation of huge armies for their defense did not lead to truces between the warring parties, but, on the contrary, inflamed the wars even more.

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Defense of Castles The main principle of castle defense was to increase the losses of the attacking enemy while simultaneously reducing the negative consequences for the defenders. A well-built castle could be effectively defended by even a small army and held for a very long time. Strong defenses allowed the castle's defenders to hold off an assault or siege until reinforcements arrived or the attacking troops were forced to retreat due to food shortages, disease, or casualties. Fortress: A fortress is a small castle, often part of a larger castle complex. This is a heavily fortified building that often served as the residence of the castle owner. If the enemy captured the outer walls of the castle, the defenders could retreat into the fortress and continue to defend themselves. Many castles grew from fortresses, which were the initial fortified points. Over time, the castles expanded and the old outer walls of the castles became the outer defense of the fortress.

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Defenders: In peacetime, very few soldiers were needed to guard the castle. At night, the bridges were raised and the portcullis lowered, thus blocking the castle. In the event of a threat or assault, a much larger army was brought in to defend the castle. Accurate archers or crossbowmen could use shelling to prevent the enemy from storming the castle or preparing for an assault. Many people were also needed to throw stones from the walls and pour hot liquids onto the attackers. A considerable number of workers were needed to repair walls damaged by the assault and put out fires caused by fiery arrows. Aggressive defenders, on occasion, made a sortie from the castle and attacked the besieging army. These lightning raids allowed the defenders to burn the staircases and forests of the besiegers, lowering their morale. In case of danger, local peasants took over the defense of the walls. Without possessing sufficient skills with a sword, spear or bow, they could perform many other important jobs.

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Barbican: Strong castles had outer and inner gates. Between them was an open space called the Barbican. It was surrounded by walls and became a trap for the enemy, who managed to destroy the outer gate. Once in the Barbican, the enemy became very vulnerable and could either retreat through the outer gates or storm the inner ones. At this time, the defenders generously poured tar or boiling oil on the attackers, and threw stones and spears at them.

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Loopholes: Walls and towers were designed to provide maximum protection to the defenders. A platform behind the top of the wall allowed the defenders to stand and fight. Loopholes were made at the top of the walls so that the defenders could shoot or fight while under partial cover. The loopholes could have wooden shutters for even greater protection. At the top of the walls, battlements were often built with thin slits, due to which archers could shoot with little or no risk. During the assault, enclosed wooden platforms expanded from the tops of the walls and towers. From them, defenders could shoot directly down at attackers or throw stones and pour boiling liquids on them while remaining protected. These wooden buildings were covered with skins to prevent the wood from catching fire. Stone versions of these scaffoldings were called lean-to loopholes and were sometimes built over gates.

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Walls: Stone walls protected the castle from arson, arrows and other projectiles. Enemies could not scale the smooth walls without special equipment such as ladders or siege scaffolding. Defenders on the walls could shoot down or drop heavy objects on the attackers. The attackers, who were in the open and shooting upward, were at a great disadvantage compared to the defenders, who were protected and shooting downward. Whenever possible, they tried to strengthen the defensive power of stone walls by building walls on hills and cliffs. Gates and doors within the castle walls were few and heavily fortified.

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Moats and drawbridges: To enhance the advantage of the walls, moats were often dug at their base, completely surrounding the castle. Whenever possible, these ditches were filled with water. Such ditches made it very difficult to storm the walls. Soldiers in armor could drown if they fell even into shallow water. Ditches with water also made it very difficult to undermine the walls, since water could wash out the tunnel and flood the diggers. Often the attackers had to drain the water ditches in order to continue the assault. Often the ditch was also partially filled in to allow for ladders or siege scaffolding to be installed. Drawbridges over ditches or ditches of water allowed castle residents to enter and exit the castle as needed. In case of danger, the drawbridge was raised, thus disconnecting the castle from the outside world. The bridges were raised by a mechanism inside the castle, well protected from the enemy.

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Lowering Grate: A lowering lattice made of thick metal rods tightly blocked the castle gates in case of danger. The castle gate, as a rule, was inside a special tower, which was well fortified. The gate bypass (secret underground passage) could also be located in this tower. This tunnel was usually blocked by several powerful bars. The mechanism that raised the bars was located at the top of the tower and was heavily protected. The lowered grates could be a combination of iron rods and thick logs. Defenders and attackers could shoot at each other and stab each other through the bars.

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Supply platforms with a lifting ramp: Some large castles were equipped in this way to avoid surprise attacks and at the same time accidental penetration by spies. Heavy loads and animal carcasses were pulled inside by a winch on runners lying in the middle of the flooring.

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Towers: Towers stood at the corners and often at intervals along the walls. The towers protruded beyond the castle walls, allowing defenders from the towers to fire at the castle walls. From the corner towers the defenders could fire at the two walls. The gate was often defended by towers on both sides. Some castles began with simple towers and grew into false complexes of walls, an inner keep and additional towers.

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Conquest of Castles The conquest and defense of castles was a major military activity in the Late Middle Ages. At that time, cities grew and developed rapidly and were of great strategic importance. A well-fortified castle city could be defended and held by a small well-armed detachment of warriors, but to capture such a fortress would require much more military force. The attackers had to have a large enough army to capture and subjugate the lands adjacent to the castle, prepare positions for an assault on the castle, or at least not give the castle defenders a break. Siege: To prevent escapes or attacks from the enemy's castle, the besieging army took up positions around this castle. Nearby farms and villages were captured by the besieging troops. Patrols were posted everywhere so that they could quickly bring information about the approach of the enemy army and to obtain food. The watch leaders examined the situation and decided what to do: either simply besiege the castle, or actively prepare for a massive assault. If they were going to take the castle by starvation, then they did not attack the castle, but allowed the defenders to starve to death, preventing food wagons and reinforcements from approaching the castle.

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