Is the main purpose of logistics. What is the main purpose of the logistics system
LECTURE 2
5. Goals and objectives of logistics
The main goal of logisticsis to ensure the competitive position of a business organization in the market. Logistics achieves this by managing flow processes based on the following rules:delivery with minimal costs of products of appropriate quality and appropriate quantity required by a specific buyer to the right place and at the right time (seven rules of logistics).It should be noted that the presented rules are an expression of the ideal case to which one should strive. In order for this aspiration to have a solid foundation, the main goal is specified by subgoals, for example, the creation effective system control, creation of a functionally consistent and technologically rational business organization structure, etc. At the same time, subgoals are also decomposed and goals are determined for each element of the supply chain, etc., down to the individual performer of the logistics operation.
Logistics goals are quite universal and fit quite organically into the strategic and tactical goals of a business organization. Thus, the integration of goals occurs horizontal (coordination of goals in each individual functional area) and vertical (coordination of goals across management levels). For example, the goal: maximum utilization of existing warehouse capacities with minimal warehousing costs. The operational goal of the enterprise is maximum capacity utilization, logistics minimization of warehouse costs.
In the logistics system, both with horizontal and vertical integration, constant interaction and availability are important feedback between functional areas and management levels. This is the most important determining condition for the effectiveness of the processes of development and implementation of management and executive decisions.
For the practical implementation of logistics goals, it is necessary to find adequate solutions for a number of relevant tasks, which, according to the degree of importance, are divided into two groups: global and private (local) tasks.
TO global logistics challenges relate:
- creation of complex, integrated systems of material, information, and, if possible, other related flows;
- strategic coordination, planning and control of the use of logistics capacities in the spheres of production and circulation;
- continuous improvement of the logistics concept within
chosen strategy in the market environment.
Particular problems in logistics havelocal character,they are more dynamic and diverse:
maximum reduction of product storage time;
reduction of transportation time;
rational distribution of vehicles;
fast reaction to consumer requirements;
prompt processing and delivery of information.
Solutions to global and local problems must be within the framework tasks logistics system, which include the following:
Implementation of end-to-end control of flow processes in logistics systems;
- development and improvement of management methods material flows;
multivariate forecasting of events, etc.
6. Objects of logistics research
Despite the fairly wide range of approaches to defining logistics as a science and tool economic activity, one thing is clear: the main object of research, management and optimization in logistics is the material flow, and information, financial, service and other flows are considered in a subordinate manner.
Material flow can be characterized by such indicators as intensity (other similar indicators speed, density, etc.), which means the amount of volumetric or weight indicators(units) of products entering the logistics system per unit of time. Based on this, the following are possible MP dimensions: t/year, pcs./h, units/day, l.m/h, m 2 /year, etc.
Each of the above parameters is associated with a certain amount of information and with many parameters financial indicators(costs, prices, tariffs), as well as various kinds of restrictions. However, it should be borne in mind that often in temporal and spatial aspects, information and financial flows may not coincide with material ones.
7. Logistics operations and logistics functions
In the most general sense, from the position of logistics, the emergence, transformation or absorption of small business in a certain economic object, functioning as an integral system, is studied. Thus, the actions applied to the MP in this system are determined. These actions are called logistics operations and logistics functions (in a generalized versionlogistics actions or activities).
A logistics operation is any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the assigned research or management task, associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying flows (information, financial, service).
Logistics operations include, for example, such actions performed on material resources or finished products as loading, unloading, packaging, transshipment from one mode of transport to another, sorting, consolidation, disaggregation, labeling, etc. Logistics operations associated with accompanying information and financial flows may include the collection, storage and transmission of information about material flows, settlements with suppliers and buyers of goods, cargo insurance, transfer of ownership of goods, etc.
A logistics function is a set of logistics operations aimed at implementing the tasks assigned to the logistics system and (or) its links.
At the level of business organization, it is customary to distinguish the following (Fig. 1.5):
1) basic (inherent in almost any commodity producer):
supply (purchases);
production;
sales (distribution);
2) auxiliary (supporting):
warehousing;
transportation;
service support;
Information support.
8. Logistics system, logistics links, supply chain
The combination of logistics operations into logistics functions primarily depends on the type of logistics system, i.e., on the set of functional subsystems in a specific logistics system. Therefore one of the most important concepts in logistics is the concept of a logistics system.
Logistics system (LS) complex an economic system that consists of element-links (subsystems) interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows, determined by the internal and external goals of the business organization.
The ability to plan various operations and analyze the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics. In table 1.1 shows the structure of the functions of macro- and micrologistics.
Macrologistics resolves issues related to market analysis of suppliers and consumers, development of a general concept of procurement and distribution. Objects controlled by macrologistics are legally independent enterprises. The interaction between them is based on commodity-money relations and is regulated by relevant agreements and contracts that have legal force.
Micrologistics resolves local issues of individual firms and enterprises. Objects controlled by micrologistics are functional services and divisions of one enterprise or company, subordinate to its administration. The interaction between them is based on non-commodity relations and is regulated administratively.
Thus, they distinguishmacrologistic And micrologistics system.
Table 1.1
Logistics tasks at macro and micro levels
|
Type of logistics |
Logistics tasks |
|
Macrologistics |
Market analysis of suppliers and consumers Creation of the concept of distribution and consumption Warehousing and strategic placement of warehouses Creation of the supply and production concept Analysis of modes of transport Selection of transportation process Creation of a common information system |
|
Micrologistics |
Input inventory level control Interim inventory management Output stock level control Managing the movement of products within the enterprise Management of transport, storage and loading and unloading operations |
Link of the logistics system (LSS)some functionally isolated object is called,fulfilling its local purpose associated with certain logistics operations or functions.
Enterprises suppliers of material resources, manufacturing enterprises, their divisions, sales, trade, intermediary organizations of various levels, transport and forwarding enterprises, exchanges, banks and other financial institutions, service enterprises, etc.
Along with the concept of “logistics system”, the concept of “logistics chain” is used in Western and domestic literature.
Logistics chain (LC) a set of links in a logistics system, linearly ordered (optimized) according to material (information, financial) flow in order to design a specific set logistics functions and/or costs.
Let's consider a separate example of a supply chain, which is presented in Fig. 1.7. Essentially, this LC represents a sales chain (direct distribution) finished products manufacturing company. From the position of logistics management, the seller, carrier and buyer are linearly connected links in the logistics system. Here, each link performs certain logistics operations, and in this chain, for example, the operation of loading cargo can be performed by both the manufacturer and the carrier. Therefore, the task of the logistics manager is to determine which of the alternative options is the most cost-effective under the same conditions of quality and operation time.
GP GP
The concept is also found in economic literature"logistics network"which can be defined asa complete set of links in the logistics system, interconnected by material and related flows.
The main object of analysis of an integrated logistics system is itslogistics cycle (functional cycle of logistics).
Typically, the structure of the logistics cycle includes the following component cycles:
- order cycle;
- inventory creation (maintenance) cycle;
- customer order processing cycle;
- cycle of purchasing and placing orders;
- MR or GP delivery cycle;
- production (operational) cycle;
- cycle of collecting consumer orders and preparing documentation;
- cycle of analysis and preparation of reports.
9. Basic logistics concepts and systems
The most widespread in the world is"just in time" concept ( just-in-time, JIT ). A modern concept for building a logistics system in production (operational management), supply and distribution, based on synchronizing the processes of delivering material resources and finished products in the required quantities by the time the logistics system links need them, in order to minimize the costs associated with creating inventories .
Its appearance dates back to the late 50s, when the Japanese company " Toyota Motors ", and then other Japanese automakers began to actively implementlogistics system KANBAN. The name of this concept was given a little later by the Americans, who also tried to use this approach in the automotive industry. The original slogan of the JIT concept was the potential elimination of inventories of materials, components and semi-finished products in the assembly manufacturing process.cars and their main units.
The initial statement was as follows: if the production schedule is given (abstracting from demand or orders for now), then the movement of material flows can be organized in such a way that all materials, components and semi-finished products will arrive atthe required quantity, to the right place (to the assembly point in the conveyor) andexactly on timefor production or assembly finished products. With this formulation, insurance stocks that immobilize (freeze) cash firms turned out to be unnecessary. As you can see, the just-in-time concept was based on the synchronization of logistics functions such as supply and production, and was later successfully applied in finished product sales systems.
The following elements play an essential role in the just-in-time concept:
demand that determines the further movement of raw materials, materials, components, semi-finished products and finished products;
concentration of the main suppliers of material resources near the main company carrying out the production process or assembly of finished products;
reliability of suppliers, since any failure in delivery can disrupt the production schedule (how important reliability of suppliers is is evidenced by the fact that American and European manufacturers were able to introduce the just-in-time concept only 1015 years after the Japanese, mainly due to low reliability supplies);
product quality (Japanese automakers radically changed their approach to quality control and management, which subsequently resulted in the philosophy of total quality management at all stages production process and subsequent service);
accuracy of information and forecasting, which requires work with reliable telecommunication systems and information and computer support;
increased work responsibility and high labor discipline all staff.
As already noted, one of the first attempts to practically implement the “just in time” concept was the system KANBAN for the implementation of which from the beginning of development at the company " Toyota Motors “It took about 10 years. Such a long period was due to the fact that the system KANBAN could not work without the existing logistics environment of the just-in-time concept, the listed elements of which are discussed above.
One of the most popular in the world is concept “needs/resource planning” ( requirements/resource planning, RP). In such a system, it is possible to prevent disruptions in the production process, as well as to take into account changes in demand, only by creating excess production and (or) safety stocks between the closed stations, which are usually called buffer stocks. The presence of such inventories slows down turnover working capital firm, increases the cost of production of GP, but ensures greater stability of drugs in the face of sharp fluctuations in demand and unreliability of MR suppliers compared to drugs based on the “just-in-time” concept.
Basic systems, based on the concept of “requirements/resource planning”, in production and supply systems are “planning of material requirements/production planning of resource requirements" ( MRPI Manufacturing Requirements / MRP II Manufacturing Resource Planning ), and in distribution systems“product/resource distribution planning” DRP I Distribution Requirements Planning / DRP II Distribution Resource Planning ).
MRP -systems operate with materials, components, semi-finished products and their parts, the demand for which depends on the demand for the GP. The logistics concept embedded in these systems appeared quite a long time ago, in the 50s, but its implementation became feasible only with the advent of high-speed computers.
Main goals MRP -systems are:
- meeting the need for materials, components and products to plan production and delivery to consumers;
- maintaining low levels of inventories of MR, WIP, and GP;
- planning production operations, delivery schedules, purchasing operations.
In the process of achieving these goals MRP - the system ensures the flow of planned quantities of MR and product inventories during the time used for planning. MRP -the system begins its work by determining how much and inwhat deadlines need to be produced final products, then determines the timing and quantities of MP required to meet the production schedule needs.
DRP - systems represent a schedule (schedule) that coordinates the entire process of supply and replenishment of GP supplies in the distributionnetworks. To do this, schedules are generated for each link of drugs associated with the formation of GP reserves, which are then integrated into general requirement to replenish GP stocks in the warehouses of the company or wholesale intermediaries. DRP -systems allow you to achieve some competitive advantages in marketing and logistics, namely: to improve the level of service by reducing the delivery time of GPs and meeting consumer expectations, to improve the promotion of new products to the market, to improve the coordination of GP inventory management, etc.
Operation DRP -systems is based on consumer demand, which cannot be controlled by the company, therefore the uncertain external environment imposes additional requirements and restrictions on the SOE inventory management policy in distribution networks unlike systems MRP , where the production schedule is controlled by the GP manufacturer and therefore the conditions are more certain. DRP -systems plan and regulate inventory levels at the company’s bases and warehouses in its own distribution network or at wholesale resellers.
More details logistics systems KANBAN, MRP, DRP We'll look at it in the next lectures.
10. Prospects for the development of logistics in Russia
Let us dwell briefly on the problem of logistics development in our country. Demand for scientific approaches and practical methods logistics coincided with the beginning of Russia's transition to market relations. As shown Foreign experience, the need for a specific theoretical apparatus and practical tools for logistics management depended on the conditions prevailing over a certain historical period of time. These conditions include the following: the level of development of production forces, the level technological development, political situation, maturity of market relations.
By the beginning of the 90s, i.e. At the initial stage of the transition to market relations, in Russia there were certain prerequisites for the development of logistics ideas in various sectors of the economy. They can be divided into two large groups: scientific-theoretical and production-technical (technological).
Scientific and theoretical backgroundare associated with university training of specialists in a wide range of disciplines directly or indirectly related to logistics, as well as a large number of scientific works and methodological developments, affecting to one degree or another the problems of logistics and constituting its theoretical and scientific-methodological basis. These are the works of domestic scientists in the fields of system analysis, technical and economic cybernetics, operations research, inventory management theory, and queuing theory.
Scientific and technical backgroundassociated with implementation in various industries industrial production material flow management systems (what we now call the prerogative of logistics).
On territories Russian Federation remained and are already functioning in market relations objects of a powerful warehouse system and commodity distribution systems, large automated transport complexes, transport hubs and cargo terminals, container points, enterprises various types transport and communications, computing and information control centers, etc.
Thus, the considered prerequisites create the foundation for the intensive implementation of the logistics management concept in the spheres of production and circulation of the Russian economy. However, fast and high-quality training of personnel, development and improvement of the production, technical and technological base of logistics in various sectors of the economy are necessary, as well as the creation of logistics distribution structures, micro- and macro-logistics systems at various levels.
Topic 2
SUPPLY LOGISTICS
The purpose of this section of the course is to present basic theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of making managementdecisions related to supply (purchasing) activities.
The objectives of this section are: determining the role and importance of supply logistics in the logistics system; studying theoretical foundations organizing the functional supply cycle; studying the theoretical foundations of supply organization at an enterprise; studying the methodology for selecting qualified suppliers; exploring the nature and benefits of electronic procurement.
The following questions are covered within the topic: conceptual apparatus and the essence of supply logistics; functional supply cycle and the functioning mechanism of supply logistics; supplier selection methodology;types of procurement; methods of organizing supply at the enterprise; application modern technologies in the process of supplying the enterprisematerial resources.
Glossary
Supply logisticsa set of interrelated operations for managing material flows in the process of providing the organization with material resources and services.
Supply logistics facilitymaterial flow (MF) and services circulating in the functional supply cycle.
Need for material resourcesvolume of products for industrial and technical purposes of a certain range and quality, necessary to ensure a continuous production process and fulfillment of the product release program.
General requirementthe need for material resources, which includes the gross need for the production program and the reserved volume of raw materials, materials and components for special use.
Gross, or gross requirementthe need for material resources for the production program without taking into account existing inventories and finished products.
Clean, or net demandthe need for material resources for the production program, taking into account the existing reserves at workplaces and stocks of finished products.
Primary needthe need for products for which production and supply contracts have already been concluded, i.e. for products whose release has priority.
Secondary needthe need for products to be manufactured as part of the production program, but contracts for the supply of which have not yet been concluded.
Tertiary needthe need for production program auxiliary materials for production purposes.
Bill of materials/bill of materialsan ordered list of all components necessary for the production of a specific product. It shows materials, spare parts and components, as well as the sequence in which they are used.
MOB task (“Make or Buy” » make or buy),the task of justifying the decision on the issue of independent production of the necessary material resources or purchasing them from an external source.
Purchase orderan offer from the consumer to the supplier to manufacture (supply) products indicating the range, quantity, quality, delivery time, or to perform work or provide a service.
1. Supply logistics, its place in the logistics system
1.1. Difference of terms
No enterprise, be it manufacturing, trading or in the service sector, is self-sufficient. All organizations depend to varying degrees on the raw materials, supplies and services that other organizations provide (for example, space, heat, light, communications, office equipment, etc.). Procurement and supply is one of the main functions in every organization.
The terms “purchasing” and “supply” are almost interchangeable. In a general sense, the term “purchase” describes the purchasing process: recognition of the need, search and selection of a supplier, price negotiations, as well as other conditions, such as those associated with the delivery of goods. In other words, when using the concept of “purchase”, they mean the actual purchase. The term "supply" has a broader meaning. It may include various types of acquisitions (purchase, lease, contract execution, etc.), as well as related operations (activities): selection of suppliers, negotiations, agreement of conditions, forwarding, monitoring of supplier performance, materials handling, transportation, warehousing and acceptance of goods received from suppliers).
As a rule, supply does not independently move materials, but organizes it. It informs suppliers about the need to supply certain materials, exchanges ownership rights to materials, i.e., it is primarily associated with information processing. In a broad sense, supply forms the main link between organizations in the supply chain and serves as a mechanism for coordinating the flow of material between consumers and suppliers; more precisely, in the logistics channel, supply sends messages back through the channel about what consumers want, and forward the message that suppliers can offer. After this, negotiations begin to clarify the terms of each delivery.
Supply is also important because it accounts for a significant portion of costs. The typical manufacturer spends 60% on materials, procurement directly accounts for the majority of a company's costs, and even relatively small improvements in this area can yield significant benefits.
It should also be noted that supply, in its logistics characteristics, differs significantly from material and technical support. In a typical manufacturing plant, the receipt of materials and components from external sources supplies are in charge at the right place at the right time, and servicing all the needs for the movement of materials and semi-finished products within the enterprise during the production process is classified as logistics.
1.2. Place of supply logistics in the logistics system
Supply logisticsis the first logistics subsystem, the main goal of which is to manage material flows and services in the process of providing the organization with material resources and services (Fig. 2.1).
In summarysupply purposeensure that the organization hasreliable supply of materials of appropriate quality, required volume, at the right time, from a qualified supplier with high level service and at an affordable price.
Based on this, we can formulate the mainsupply logistics tasks;
- establishing a reliable and continuous material flow to ensure the smooth functioning of the organization. A shortage of raw materials, fuel, energy, etc. can lead to a stop in production, a reduction in production volumes, and therefore sales volumes, and failure to fulfill its obligations to the customer in term;
- maintaining the stock of material resources in the warehouse at the standard level;
- developing relationships with departments using these materials. Procurement activities cannot be effective without collaboration with other parts of the organization. For example, information about raw material requirements in the purchasing department comes from the chief engineer and the production department. Based on the data from the purchasing department, the accounting department makes settlements with suppliers;
- searching for competent suppliers, working closely with them and forming profitable relationships. For example, if a company purchases software from a supplier who subsequently cannot provide its long-term maintenance (i.e. modification and updating), then the initially favorable price will result in a high cost of maintaining the entire system;
- support and improvement of the quality of purchased materials imply that the production of products or the provision of services must be carried out with a certain level of quality, otherwise the final product will either meet accepted requirements and will not be able to ensure the competitiveness of goods and services;
- agreement on the lowest total cost while maintaining the proper level of quality, quantity, delivery conditions and service;
- increasing competitiveness. Control over all costs of the supply network allows you to identify operations (activities) that are not profitable or require additional time (such as additional storage in a warehouse, transportation and inspection), and increase the competitiveness of the organization as a whole. In addition, the purchasing department is responsible for ensuring a smooth flow of raw materials needed to produce products and offer services in order to meet its obligations to suppliers regarding the terms of delivery of products.
2. The mechanism of functioning of supply logistics
The regular flow of materials, components or finished products to production enterprises and distribution facilities requires the performance of certain operations (Fig. 2.2): determining the need for material resources; choosing a source of resources; placing and sending an order; transportation (forwarding); receiving and checking delivery. All these actions are necessary to complete the procurement process.
Let's take a closer look at the main logistics supply operations.
2.1. Definition of need
Any purchase begins with determining the need for the organization’s material resources. At this stage, the questions are resolved: what, how much and when needs to be purchased.
Primary need is defined as the need for products for which production and supply contracts have already been concluded, that is, for products whose release has priority. Secondary demand the need for products to be manufactured as part of the production program, but contracts for the supply of which have not yet been concluded. Tertiary demand the need for a production program for auxiliary materials for production purposes.
2.1.1. Methods and techniques for determining resource requirements
Determining the need for material resources can be done in three ways:
deterministic for calculating the secondary need for material resources with a known primary one based on production plans and consumption standards;
stochastic to calculate needs based on a probabilistic forecast, taking into account the trend of changes in needs over past periods;
expert to calculate needs based on experimental and statistical assessment of experts.
The choice of method depends on the characteristics of material resources, the conditions of their consumption and the availability of appropriate data to carry out the necessary calculations.
The characteristics of material requirements planning methods will be discussed in the “Production Logistics” section.
The most common method for determining the need for material resources is the calendar planning method. MRP - systems.
MRP - the system is based on the final product production program. This method determining the need for material resources uses a large amount of information that comes from the following sources:
- the main schedule, which indicates the volume of each product manufactured in each time period;
- Bill of Materials sheets, which list the materials needed to produce each product;
- inventory records showing the availability of materials.
Bill of Materials/Bill of Materials is an ordered list of all the components needed to produce a particular product. It also specifies materials, spare parts and components, as well as the sequence in which they are used.
When determining the need to schedule deliveries for each necessary material The specification for materials is used in conjunction with the main schedule.
The main stages of determining the need are:
- determining gross resource requirements using the master schedule and bill of materials;
- determining net requirement by subtracting existing stockand the volume of orders that should arrive. Then a production schedule is drawn up indicating the start time of work provided by net demand;
- establishing the volume of orders and the time of their placement based on the schedule of materials use and information about the order lead time.
The advantage of this method of calculating material requirements is that purchases and production are planned based on the needs for the final product.
Gross or gross requirementThis is the need for the production program without taking into account existing inventories and finished products.
Net or net need this is the need for raw materials, materials, components for the production program, taking into account the existing reserves at workplaces and stocks of finished products.
2.2. The question “produce or purchase?”
After determining the need for material resources and before identifying possible suppliers, it is necessary to make a decision whether to purchase certain types of material resources or produce them ourselves. The question of “produce or purchase”, the so-called “MoD task”"Make or Buy" » make or buy), is important strategic decision for every organization. The essence of the problem is to make a reasonable decision on the issue of independent production needed by the enterprise parts, components, etc. or purchasing them from another manufacturer. To make a final decision, the associated costs and the achievable level of quality are usually assessed.
When solving a problem MOB In each specific case, it is necessary to take into account a number of positive and negative factors.
The following factors may influence the decision to produce rather than purchase:
production of this product is part of the organization's core business;
the need for a component product is stable, large enough, and it can be manufactured using existing equipment;
quality requirements are so precise or unusual that special processing methods may be required that suppliers do not have available;
availability of guaranteed supply or balance of supply and demand;
preservation of technological secrets;
ensuring the constant functioning of our own production facilities;
independence from the source of supply.
Logistics– a new direction in organizing cargo movement. /1/.
Logistics- the process of managing and storing raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products in the economic turnover of a company from the moment of paying money to suppliers until the moment of receiving money for delivery of finished products /2/.
Logistics– management of material flows in the sphere of production and circulation /3/.
What is the main purpose of a logistics system?
Cargo - the right product
Cargo in the required quantity
Cargo of required quality
Cargo to the right place
Cargo to the right place
Cargo with minimal costs
When did integrated logistics emerge?
Fourth stage: 90s. Integration– formation of a unified integrated logistics system from the source of raw materials to the final consumer.
The names of which scientists are associated with the origin of the term “Logistics”
What is the object of Logistics research?
Object of study logistics are parallel material, information and financial flow processes /1
Which of the following is a logistics operation?
Logistics Operations- is a set of actions aimed at transforming material and/or information flows and their movement
7. What types of material flows exist?
in relation to the logistics system - internal, external, input, output;
according to natural material composition - single-assortment, multi-assortment;
by quantity of cargo - massive, large, small;
By specific gravity- heavy, lightweight;
according to the degree of compatibility, compatible, incompatible;
according to the consistency of the cargo - bulk, bulk, liquid, packaged-piece
8. In what units is MP measured?
The dimension of the material flow is a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the unit of measurement of the cargo (tons, pieces, kilograms), and the denominator - the unit of time (day, month, year)
9. What is a logistics channel?
Logistics channel– a partially ordered set of different intermediaries carrying out the transfer of material flow from the manufacturer to the consumer
10. What is a supply chain?
Logistic goal– a linearly ordered set of sections of the logistics process that carry out the transfer of material flow from one logistics system to another /1/.
11. What is a mathematical model?
The process of establishing correspondence between a given real object and some material object. In logistics, 2 types of mathematical modeling are used: analytical and simulation.
12. What is the methodological basis of logistics?
Modern theory of logistics is based on four scientific disciplines: systems analysis, cybernetic approach, operations research, forecasting
13. What operations are related to purchasing logistics?
1 Procurement market research
2 Analysis of prices of purchased goods
3 Selecting a supplier
4 Establishing rational economic ties with the supplier
5 Determining the needs for MTS items, ensuring an exact match between the number of supplies and the needs for them
6 Organization of the method of supply of purchased materials
7 Organization of storage of materials
8 Ensuring the quality of supplied raw materials
14. What types of supply organization systems do you know?
macrologistics systems – large systems for managing material flows at the level of a region, industry, country or several countries. The links of these systems are individual enterprises that form material flows. Within the framework of macrologistics systems, the following are distinguished: logistics systems with direct connections (without intermediaries), echeloned logistics systems (with intermediaries), mixed;
micrologistics systems – a material flow management system at the enterprise level. The elements of these systems are, as a rule: a procurement subsystem, warehouses, transport, a subsystem for planning inventories of raw materials and materials, an information subsystem, a personnel subsystem, a sales subsystem, and a production maintenance subsystem.
15. "Kanban" means...Map
16. What is the Kanban logistics system?
Pull systems– systems for organizing production, in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied to the subsequent technological operation from the previous one as needed. Manufacturing program of a separate technological link is determined by the order size of the subsequent link. Pull systems include the Kanban (order card) system, which was developed by Toyota. Advantages: quickly and effectively responds to changes in demand and does not require total computerization, but requires high supply discipline.
Implementation of “stretching” micro-logistics systems. Organization of a continuous production flow, capable of rapid restructuring and not requiring safety stocks. The manufacturer does not have a general rigid production schedule, but optimizes its work within the limits of the order. The means of transmitting information are cards: selection and production order.
17. What is the concept of MRP
Push system– a production organization system in which the material flow is “pushed” to the recipient upon command from the central control system. The material flow that enters the production site is not directly ordered by this site from the previous one. The overcrowded previous section “pushes” part of the production to the next section, as if under pressure. This system requires total computerization of production. The most common push type system is called MRP. Its functions: material requirements planning; forecasting the level of demand taking into account market conditions; control of the speed of material turnover. Disadvantages of NRP include insufficiently accurate tracking of demand and the mandatory presence of a safety stock.
18. What is the DRP system?
The system is based on consumer demand, which is not controlled by the company. The system operates under conditions of demand uncertainty. They plan and regulate inventory levels at the company’s bases and warehouses in its own commodity-producing distribution network or at wholesale resellers. There is a system of schedules that coordinate the entire process of supplies and replenishment of GP stocks.
19. What type of transport is the cheapest?
nautical
20. What types of tariffs does auto transport use?
Road transport uses the following types of tariffs: piece-rate, on the basis of paid ton-hours, for the temporary use of trucks, per kilometer, for hauling rolling stock, negotiated /5/.
The size of the tariff fee is affected by transportation distance, weight of cargo, volumetric weight of cargo, type of rolling stock (more expensive for special transport).
The basic one is a universal vehicle with a carrying capacity of 23 tons and a body volume of 68-72 cubic meters. Use any auto vehicle comes with allowances. Particularly expensive to use
21. What types of tariffs does railway transport use?
Railway tariffs are divided by types and forms of construction
By type tariffs are divided into general, exclusive, local, preferential.
According to the form of construction Freight tariffs are divided into tabular and schematic.
All railway tariffs currently in force in Russia are published in Price List 10-01 “Tariffs for Freight Rail Transportation”. At international transport The International Transit Tariff (ITT) is used, which is an annex to the Agreement on International Freight Transport (SMGS). SMGS participants - Russia, CIS countries, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania22. What operations are related to distribution logistics?
23. What is safety stock?
guarantee (insurance) - for continuous supply (under normal operating conditions of the company, these reserves are inviolable).
24. What costs serve as a criterion for optimizing inventories?
The criterion for optimizing inventories is the minimum total costs:
- storage costs of goods(Warehousing costs, rental payments, operating costs, insurance and tax costs)
- order fulfillment costs(place an order, draw up a supply agreement, transport costs)
25. What costs relate to the costs of holding inventory?
Warehousing costs, warehouse rental payments, operating costs, insurance and tax costs, losses from destruction and damage.
26. What costs are related to the costs of order fulfillment?
Placing an order, drawing up a supply agreement, transportation costs, communication with suppliers.
27. What are the regulatory parameters for a system with a fixed order quantity?
In a system with fixed order size Inventory levels are monitored and if inventory levels fall below a set level, a replenishment order is issued. The same quantity is always ordered.
Thus, the fixed quantities in this system are:
threshold level (TL) at which the order is repeated;
ordered quantity of goods (Q rep)
28. What parameters are regulating for a system with a fixed time interval between orders?
In system with fixed time interval between orders Replenishment stocks are replenished at a given time interval between orders, and the batch size is not constant and depends on the available balance.
At regular intervals, the stock status is checked; if, after the previous check, a certain amount of materials has been consumed, then an order is submitted for replenishment to the maximum desired level.
29. What is the “Minimum – Maximum” system
The “min-max” system is designed to work in the event of systematic supply failures. Inventory replenishment occurs at the moment the PU is reached (min level), and the maximum desired stock acts as the max level to which the stock is replenished. The order size is determined as follows: if the current stock Q is greater than the min level, then no replenishment occurs; if Q is less than or equal to min, then the order size is determined by the formula
30. What is a system with a set frequency of replenishing stocks to a set level
This system is designed to work with significant fluctuations in consumption; orders are made here at set times and when the stock reaches a threshold level.
Thus, stocks are divided into two categories:
planned orders, order size is determined by formula (7)
additional orders, the order size in this case is calculated using the formula
31. Types of Information Systems.
Logistics Information Systems are divided into three groups: planned, discretionary (dispatcher), executive (operational).
Planned systems are created at the administrative level of management and serve for making strategic decisions. These systems solve the following problems:
creation and optimization of supply chain links;
conditional-persistent data management;
production planning;
general inventory management.
detailed inventory management (warehouse locations);
disposal of intra-warehouse or intra-factory transport;
selection of goods according to orders, their packaging, accounting of shipped goods.
32. EAN code - 13
EAN-13 (UPS) is used to encode goods manufactured in Europe, and the UPS code is used in Canada and the USA. The EAN-13 code has received wide distribution in the sphere of circulation of consumer goods.
At the stage of launching into production, the product is assigned a 13-digit digital code. Each digit of the code corresponds to a specific set of space bars. The first three or two digits indicate the country code; it is customary to call this part of the code the flag. The next four digits are the index of the manufacturer of the product.
The next five digits are provided to the manufacturer for coding their products at their sole discretion.
Thus, the first twelve digits of the EAN-13 barcode identify any product in the total commodity mass.
The thirteenth digit is a check digit, calculated using a special algorithm based on the 12 previous ones.
33. Optimal level of service in the company’s logistics service system.
70%
34. What operations relate to the provision of logistics services.
Types of work in the field of logistics services.
1 Pre-sales:
Determining the company's policy in the provision of services,
Service planning.
execution of orders (selection of assortment, packaging, formation of cargo units),
ensuring reliability of supply,
providing information about the passage of cargo.
warranty service,
complaint obligations,
exchange.
Brief content of the paragraph. Logistics is a science whose subject is the process of delivering products from the manufacturer to the consumer as a single material-cost process, i.e. both as a process of its movement and as a process of its exchange for money.
Logistics is an economic science. The actual technical processes of product delivery are studied in the relevant technical sciences. Logistics studies the “technical” delivery process only from the point of view of its influence on the cost (price) of the delivered products, which, from a general economic standpoint, must be delivered to the consumer within a given time frame and with minimal public costs. necessary costs Oh.
The main goals of logistics science as a practical science, i.e. serving the interests of specific market participants, are to develop ways and methods of minimizing the costs of market participants for the delivery of products, and if we are talking about logistics services, then maximizing profits from their provision.
The main objectives of logistics science are: conceptual, methodological, calculation, managerial, organizational, etc.
These tasks are manifested in logistics functions: strategic, coordination, implementation, settlement, information, etc.
The most important methods of logistics science are methods of planning and forecasting, economic and mathematical methods, methods of creating, maintaining and using information bases data, etc.
Logistics concept. Logistics is a science that studies the material process of delivering products from its manufacturer to its consumer in connection with the process of its monetary (value) circulation on the market.
In short, logistics is a science that studies the process of delivering products from its manufacturer to the consumer.
Since the delivery of products is always both a material and a market (“cost”) process, logistics studies material processes only from the angle of their influence on the cost (price) of the delivered products.
Unlike financial sciences, which study ways to move money between market participants; logistics studies the processes of delivering only products in natural and in monetary terms, but not the money itself.
Logistics is not a science about the entire sphere of circulation or about the sphere of circulation of goods in general, because the sphere of circulation includes not only the processes of the actual delivery of products, but also many other processes, for example those associated with the circulation of money, valuable papers, with speculation in goods, etc.
Logistics studies the circulation of products on the market, but only as an objectively occurring (actual) process of its delivery, and not at all as any possible operations with goods on the market. modern market.
The set of market actions performed with the delivered products includes the processes of purchase and sale, borrowing, lending, guarantees, etc. In this textbook, the market form of logistics processes is considered primarily as the purchase and sale of products, and other market processes performed with products are usually considered in other economic disciplines related to finance.
Logistics as an economic, not a technical science. Logistics studies the process of delivering products from its manufacturer to its consumer, in which it is a product, and not a thing at all. Therefore, logistics is an economic, not a technical science. Engineering Science studies only some material process itself, regardless of its market form of existence.
Logistics studies not just how “physically”, “technically” or procedurally products are delivered (as a thing) from its
manufacturer to its consumer, and how to ensure that this delivery is cheaper for the market participant, so that the delivery time is minimal, so that delivery occurs only at the right time, what cost calculations need to be made, etc.
Knowledge of the general fundamentals of the technical side of product delivery is absolutely necessary in order to correctly produce the appropriate economic calculations. For example, without knowing what processes a warehouse operation consists of, it is impossible to determine the costs of storing products.
As an integral part of economic science in general, logistics has as its general economic goal the development of ways and methods of minimizing socially necessary costs for the delivery of products in the social process of reproduction. The less of its total working time a society spends on the processes of delivering products, the more of this time remains for it either to increase the production of these products, or to engage in non-material activities - sciences, arts, space exploration, etc. areas human activity, which are no longer aimed at “maintaining” the material existence of a person, but at the full development of the spiritual potential that is inherent in a person by nature.
Logistics as an applied economic science. “Applied” science in this case means that logistics serves primarily the interests of market participants as private owners, and not the abstract interests of society in general.
Logistics studies the processes of product delivery not for the purpose of solving any scientific, social or other problems existing in society and of interest to all its members, but has as its main goal the scientific substantiation of ways and methods of minimizing the costs of product delivery by each market participant, which leads to an increase in the profitability of its main commercial activities.
Delivery of products, as stated, is neither the process of its production nor the process of its consumption, and therefore, other things being equal, the consumer of the product is interested in minimizing his delivery costs, because this is one of the most important ways to reduce his production costs or save consumption costs.
When it comes to logistics services, it is obvious that their “producers,” like any other market participants, are aimed at increasing the profitability of this type of commercial activity.
Logistics as a science is designed to summarize existing ways and means of achieving these goals of market participants, as well as to find new opportunities to reduce delivery costs and increase profitability from the provision of logistics services.
The main goals of logistics science. Summarizing what has been said, logistics as an applied economic science has the following main goals, which are essentially the same for all sciences of this kind. In the very general view these goals can be formulated as follows (Fig. 1.7): minimizing delivery costs is the development and justification of ways and methods for minimizing the costs of a market participant associated with the process of product delivery in the case when this process is not an independent type of commercial activity for him , or, to put it differently, when delivery is not a market (paid) service provided by this market participant; maximizing profits from the delivery process is the development and justification of ways and methods for maximizing the profit of a market participant as a result of product delivery operations in the case when this process for him is an independent (professional) type of commercial activity, i.e. when delivery is a paid service which it provides to other market participants.
These logistics goals do not contradict each other, as it may seem at first glance, but only complement each other. The fact is that minimizing the costs of delivering products to a market participant means that he strives to maximize
make profit from its main commercial activities, in relation to which delivery is only an element of its total costs.
On the contrary, maximizing profits from the delivery of products is the goal of a market participant for whom this activity is the main commercial activity. At the same time, as in the first case, he will also strive to minimize his costs for providing some kind of product delivery service. But in this case, reducing delivery costs automatically means increasing profits from the provision of paid services. In the first case, a decrease in delivery costs will not necessarily be reflected in an increase in profit, because, for example, some other types of expenses of a market participant may increase this time, and therefore its profit as a whole will not increase. (It should be noted, however, that if he had not cut his shipping costs, his overall profit might have been lower than before.)
It is always necessary to keep in mind that since the “consumers” of logistics services and their “producers” are different market participants, to a certain extent their market goals may contradict each other. For example, an increase in the price of a service leads to an increase in the profit of the merchant or supplier, but for the buyer of this service, an increase in its price will mean an increase in the cost of delivering the product. To a certain extent, logistics science is called upon to develop ways to smooth out such contradictions.
In general, we can say that optimizing costs and profits for product delivery is the main goal of logistics as an applied economic science.
The main tasks of logistics as a science. The objectives of logistics science are understood as particular goals, the achievement of which contributes to the achievement of its more general goals. These usually include (Fig. 1.8): the conceptual task is the development of logistics concepts, i.e. general approaches to the delivery process as a single and holistic process in the modern market; the methodological task is the development of methods for achieving consistency (coordination) in terms of timing, costs, prices, etc. of all actions of a market participant related to the delivery of products;
the calculation problem is the substantiation of methods for calculating costs and results in the process of product delivery; the management task is the development of methods for managing delivery processes; organizational task is the rationale organizational structures market participants involved in logistics activities; the task of coordination is the coordination of logistics goals and objectives with the goals and objectives of other economic sciences, etc.
Logistics functions of a market participant. Logistics is a science that is used by every market participant in the process of their daily business activities. A market participant, to a greater or lesser extent (depending on the availability of relevant information about this science), uses the achievements and recommendations of logistics science, which is manifested in the logistics actions or functions that he carries out with products, based on the findings of this science.
The main logistics functions of any market participant include (Fig. 1.9): strategic - this is the choice of strategy used in the delivery of products; coordination is the coordination of all product delivery processes related to to this participant market in all material and cost parameters; sales - this is the actual implementation of all kinds of processes associated with the delivery of products (its purchase, sale, transportation, storage, reloading, etc.);
settlement - this is the implementation of all necessary monetary calculations to determine costs or revenue for product delivery processes; information is the organization and maintenance of computer and other information databases about delivery processes.
The listed logistics functions are of a very general nature, and the market participant must specify them in relation to their specific market activities. The main thing is that any important logistics processes are not “accidentally” forgotten. At the same time, science is only a certain generalization of market processes, and therefore a market participant must not only take advantage of the recommendations of science, i.e. be able to apply them, but also try to develop them further in his work, since the market is in constant change and development .
Logistics methods. The methods used in logistics do not differ from the methods used in other economic sciences, and usually they include methods of planning and forecasting product delivery processes, methods of compiling and using information databases, economic and mathematical methods and models, etc.
After Russia's transition to rails market economy rapid development of business began in the country. However, to this day, in the field of business cooperation, there are problems related to the movement and delivery of raw materials, finance, information and finished products. Issues of organizing all these processes relate to the work of the logistics departments of the enterprise and individual logistics companies. Such events, despite their apparent ease, are quite complex and time-consuming. That is why working in logistics requires not only experience in this field, but also a significant amount of knowledge.
Definition of the concept
What does the term “logistics” mean? It means managing the flow of information, finance and goods. In this regard, work in logistics involves finding the most rational way to move a product in a chain, the initial link of which is the manufacturer, and the final link is the recipient or consumer. The complexity of this process lies in the need to organize strict control. It must be carried out from the moment of receipt of the application and information about upcoming movements until the release of finished products, their storage in the warehouse and delivery.
What is the job (logistics)? A specialist who has to solve such problems must build the process in such a way that the enterprise receives maximum profit, while incurring minimum costs. But at the same time, you will need to save money wisely. After all, the buyer is determined to receive the goods himself High Quality, having a reasonable cost for it. In addition, all movement of products must be carried out within deadlines, which include compliance with required level quality of service.
Subject, goals and objectives
So, we looked at the concept of logistics. The tasks and functions of logistics, as well as its subject and goals, directly follow from the definition given above. Let's start with the subject of this science. In logistics it is the management exercised over the resource flows of an individual enterprise, as well as control over the condition of raw materials, materials and goods. This implies the purpose of this discipline. It consists of increasing the efficiency of the organization, which is possible by finding ways to move funds, finances and goods as profitably as possible.
All work performed in logistics is designed to solve the following tasks:
- manage product movements;
- exercise control over organized flows of information, finance, services and finished products;
- predict the enterprise's need for resources;
- plan the movement of material assets.
They represent an enlarged group of operations for the delivery of goods, the implementation of which is necessary to achieve set goals. Their list includes:
- work on the formation of economic relations necessary to resolve the issue of supply of goods or provision of services, as well as their development, rationalization and adjustment;
- determining the directions and volumes of values;
- calculation of forecast estimates of transportation needs;
- placement, development and organization of warehouse facilities at the enterprise;
- determining the optimal route for moving goods through storage areas;
- in the sphere of circulation;
- carrying out transportation and related operations along the cargo route;
- performing operations such as labeling and packaging, loading and preliminary preparation for it;
- management of operations for the acceptance and storage of cargo, as well as the organization of its movement in small batches.
All of the logistics functions listed above are characterized by two main features. They are that:
- the entire complex of work is subordinated to the achievement of a single goal;
- The bearers of all these functions are the subjects - participants in the logistics process.
When can the effectiveness of the work done be assessed? The functions of the logistics service at an enterprise are assessed only at the stage of achieving the final goal.
Creation of a department that manages the movement of goods
The role of logistics in the work of modern industrial enterprise big enough. That is why the management of any company should take care of creating a department that will systematize the processes of moving goods. Such a division, located in the structure of the enterprise, must implement daily life enterprise The service must be directly subordinate to the head of the company.
Enterprises that have such a department combine all the functions, without which it is impossible to effectively fulfill orders, into a powerful mechanism with the help of which tasks of any degree of complexity are solved at a professional level and with great responsibility. But it is worth keeping in mind that work in the logistics department should not be a substitute for the activities of the relevant structural units. Organizationally, all levels of company management must be structured in such a way as to interact with the service dealing with the movement of material assets. This, in turn, will optimize activities and ensure the sustainability of the enterprise.
Department tasks
IN job responsibilities Logistics service specialists are not responsible for eliminating failures, as well as resolving conflict situations and emerging problems. Their function is to coordinate and analyze the implementation of large blocks of tasks. Management in logistics is the coordination of operations aimed at achieving the main goal of the enterprise.
The department coordinating the routes of movement of goods must interact closely with all functional divisions of the company, optimizing their activities and creating a certain systemic stability for the company.
Directions of influence
The logistics department, being a separate structure in the enterprise, influences the solution of the following issues:
- interaction customs services, tax inspectorates and other government bodies;
- processing incoming information about orders, existing customers, delivery points, as well as its rethinking in order to optimize the movement of goods;
- raw materials inventories, since one of the tasks facing a logistician is the timely and uninterrupted supply of products to customers, which requires control over its release;
- procurement (it is under the control of the logistics department, as it affects the sales process).
Despite the wide range of tasks assigned to the department, working in logistics does not mean physically replacing the corresponding functional divisions of the company. After all, as a rule, the volumes and number of orders may be such that they simply will not allow the specialist, called upon to coordinate the flow of material assets, to cover in detail and efficiently all aspects of the delivery. That is why it is so important to understand what is involved in order management, and these processes should be coordinated by other relevant departments of the enterprise.
Examples of using
How in demand is this specialty? Logistics is an indispensable link that is necessary at any stage entrepreneurial activity. An example of this is the organization of food production:
- The first stage involves business planning. At the same time, logistics allows you to correctly calculate the benefits of locating production in a chosen location. Only a specialist in this area will be able to answer the question of whether the activity is rational in terms of the costs of delivering raw materials, as well as in connection with the distance from their locations. It is worth keeping in mind that the tasks that an entrepreneur sets for a logistician must be solved as quickly as possible.
- After the opening of production and the start of production of finished products, you will need to organize its sales. Logistics planning is a very important process. Especially when it comes to perishable products such as bread, milk, sausages. Indeed, in this case, the speed and organization of the sales process will ultimately contribute to the absence of losses for the enterprise. In addition, at the stage when relationships with customers are just being formed, delivery of goods within the desired time frame becomes very important.
- Sales management. At this stage, the logistics department closely interacts with other structural divisions enterprises. He works most closely with marketing. Logistics management is the organization of coordinated activities of all company structures, which will ensure the complete and accurate implementation of assigned tasks.
Versatility
Working in logistics requires performing a large number of operations. This is the versatility of this activity, which is necessary for the following:
- concluding and monitoring the implementation of contracts with buyers and suppliers;
- organizing transportation (sometimes delivery of required materials);
- control of enterprise inventory management;
- resolving issues arising with customs authorities;
- analysis of existing market needs;
- development and conclusion of contracts with customers, which take into account legal and legal aspects.
Relationship with the marketing service
The work of a specialist in the movement of goods, as well as the one who is involved in its sales, is especially closely related at the stage of sales of manufactured products. At the same time, the ultimate goal of the logistics and marketing departments is to increase sales volumes while organizing the highest quality sales process. In this case, the following general tasks are solved:
- organizing and building a network that distributes the shipment of goods depending on their demand, as well as minimizing costs;
- selection of packaging and containers for goods so that they attract the client and ensure the integrity of the cargo;
- development pricing policy, which will allow you to change the cost of the product both towards its decrease and towards its increase.
Goods movement management
What exactly does an employee whose specialty is logistics do?
He, being a member of the organizational service of the enterprise, does the following:
- develops optimal routes that allow the delivery of goods with the maximum full load of transport, in the shortest possible time and while maintaining the required quality of goods;
- carries out the necessary calculations aimed at reducing transportation costs, which can be done when using one vehicle delivering several consignments of goods in one direction;
- is responsible for the safety of goods during transportation, which is ensured by the safety of the route, quick loading and unloading of products, as well as calculation of humidity and temperature conditions of transportation;
- effectively interacts with other structural divisions of the company, which allows to increase profits, reduce costs and increase profitability.
Tasks of logistics services
Infrastructure large enterprise sometimes it consists of a whole complex of individual objects located at a considerable distance from each other. In this regard, the logistics department consists of different services that control certain areas of the company’s activities. For example, their work may concern the transportation of goods and warehousing of material assets. Such services consist of organizing the normal functioning of all chains connecting enterprise objects and ensuring their competent interaction.
Thus, a transport logistician works on planning routes and also establishes the procedure for moving goods. He prepares everything Required documents that accompany the goods, and exercises subsequent control over all stages of the movement of material assets. In addition, such a specialist deals with issues of insurance of transported goods, and also prepares customs documents.
No less important is working in warehouse logistics. It represents the organization of the activities of all terminals and complexes responsible for storing products and materials. The responsibilities of such a logistician include determining the order of not only placement, but also storage of products. In addition, he must create a clear scheme that allows him to process commodity and material assets in a timely manner. An experienced warehousing logistician is able to select storage equipment and organize efficient use available usable areas.
Career
Logistics managers, as a rule, begin their activities as assistants. This is an assistant who prepares the necessary documentation, as well as processes various information on each stage of the movement of material assets.
At this stage of work, a person can determine the area of activity in which his future career as a logistician will develop. However, in order to rise to the highest professional level, you will need a diploma confirming receipt higher education. What should it be like? There are universities that provide specialized education, but in addition, economists and customs specialists can apply for the position of logistician.
The most in demand among employers are logisticians who have received international certificates and completed advanced training courses. At the same time, a good manager must have excellent analytical and organizational skills. When working with foreign partners, you will also need knowledge of a foreign language.
Only a responsible person can become a manager working in logistics, because the responsibilities of ensuring the continuous operation of the entire company will fall on his shoulders. In addition, such a specialist must have good communication skills and easily establish contacts with people. In his work, he will also need such a quality as stress resistance. After all, such a specialist experiences constant pressure from carriers, suppliers and management.
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The main idea of logistics is the organization of the movement of materials and information throughout the entire chain from manufacturer to consumer within a single flow process. The principles of the logistics approach require the integration of logistics, production, transport, sales and the transfer of information on the movement of inventory items to unified system, which should improve efficiency in each of these areas and cross-sectoral efficiency.
Thus, the goal of logistics is to optimize the reproduction cycle through an integrated, demand-oriented formation of the flow of materials and information in the production and distribution of products.
Well-known researchers in the field of logistics E. Mate and D. Tisquier see the goal of logistics as optimizing the company’s product offering in such a way that these products find their consumers in the most favorable conditions for overall profitability.
Most often the goal logistics activities associated with the implementation of the so-called logistics rules. The most common approach is to identify “six rules of logistics”, the so-called logistics mix or logistics complex:
– product – a necessary product;
– quantity – in the required quantity;
– quality – required quality;
– time – must be delivered at the right time;
– place – in the right place;
– expenses – with minimal expenses.
Some authors somewhat expand the logistics complex, adding to it such elements as “consumer”, i.e. to the right consumer and “personalization,” which means developing a service system for each order.
The goal of logistics activities will be realized if the above rules are met, i.e. the best and fastest response to market demand at the lowest cost. It must be emphasized that the main goal of logistics is to reflect the ideal situation that one must try to achieve.
The main goal of logistics is specified in its tasks, which according to the degree of importance are divided into three groups:
– global;
– partial (local).
Logistics, by its essence, performs integration functions in the process of managing economic activities. Therefore, regardless of the type of logistics system, its global objectives are:
– creation of complex integrated systems of material, information and, if possible, other flows;
– strategic coordination, planning and control of the use of logistics capacities in the spheres of production and circulation;
– continuous improvement of the logistics concept within the framework of the chosen strategy in the market environment;
– achieving high system flexibility by quickly responding to changes in internal and external conditions functioning.
The solution of global problems cannot be realized without setting and solving general problems. The condition for the viability of logistics systems of all types is the solution of the following general problems:
– implementation of end-to-end control over flow processes in logistics systems;
– development and improvement of methods for managing material flows;
– multivariate forecasting of production volumes, transportation, inventories, etc.;
– identifying an imbalance between production needs and logistics capabilities, as well as the needs for logistics services during sales and the capabilities of the logistics system;
– standardization of requirements for the quality of logistics services and individual operations;
– rational formation of economic relations;
– identifying centers of loss of time, material, labor and monetary resources;
– optimization of the technical and technological structure of transport and warehouse complexes;
– determination of the strategy and technology for the physical movement of material resources, semi-finished products, finished products;
– formalization of updated (current, operational) logistics goals and parameters of the functioning of the logistics system.
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